Britain's Industrial Revolution: Origins and Innovations

Factors Driving Britain's Industrial Emergence

In its early stages, the Industrial Revolution in Britain was based on the abundant resources of iron and coal. The labor force, unlike some counterparts, was not entirely conservative; it readily accepted the challenge of new work routines and habits. British society was exceptional in that many of the aristocracy were prepared to take an interest or make an investment in commerce. The rapid weapon development of the 18th century fostered experimentation and flexibility in research. Furthermore, a definite pride in craftsmanship at all levels helped implement the imaginations of the inventors.

Key Inventions and Developments

The usual starting point of the Industrial Revolution is generally taken to be Thomas Newcomen's invention of a primitive steam engine for pumping water out of mines. At the same time, the textile industry began experimenting with iron machinery.

• John Kay's flying shuttle, while speeding up weaving, created a chronic shortage of thread for weavers.
• A series of inventions followed, notably James Watt's development of a much-improved form of the steam engine.

This advanced steam engine was applied to existing machinery and to new types as they emerged. This innovation meant that large factories could be erected in locations with access to water, coal, labor, and transport facilities for raw materials and finished products. Shifts in population and the rapid mushrooming of towns in textile areas quickly followed.

Industrial Expansion and Diversification

The need for war materials caused a rapid expansion of coke furnaces; by 1760, cannon were being cast. Ancillary technological, commercial, and financial developments followed these inventions, particularly in textile machinery, which utilized improved metals and new power sources. A chemical industry based on coal derivatives emerged, laying the groundwork for the later petroleum derivative industry. The pottery industry became the second great exemplar of the Industrial Revolution.

These inventions, discoveries, and developments before 1800 formed the foundation from which the main body of the Industrial Revolution in Britain emerged. Indeed, in the 18th century, Britain transformed into a leading industrial country.

Revolutionizing Transport and Finance

Transport was revolutionized during this period. Developments in Britain focused on canals, roads, railways, and shipping. The primary concern for canals, roads, and railways was the efficient movement of coal to the new industries.

• Road building was a new technology that had to be mastered. Notable road-builders included John Metcalf, Thomas Telford, and John Macadam.
• The railway came as a result of the fusion of two earlier inventions: the steam engine and the rail track.

Financially, the Bank of England was not of significant use to this industrial movement, as it was primarily concerned with governmental work and the commercial classes in London. However, the first provincial banking house started operations in 1716, indicating a growing financial infrastructure outside the capital.