Branches of Philosophy: Ontology, Epistemology, and Ethics

Dialectical and Hermeneutical Methods

Dialectical method: (Thesis, antithesis, synthesis)

Hermeneutical method: Understanding documents

Branches of Philosophy

Ontology: A Study of Being

Onto: be / Logos: study

Fundamental Questions

• What is being? It cannot be reduced to a more general concept because it does not exist.
• Who is being? This involves pointing out what is being and distinguishing it from what is not being authentic. This is explained in...
• Being itself: Cannot be reduced to another.
• Being in another: Can be reduced, therefore, it is not being.

Heraclitus: Everything flows.

Parmenides: Being is not non-being. There cannot be a movement from one being to another because there is nothing in the middle.

Qualities of Being

• Immutable and static
• Infinite
• One

Epistemology: Study of Knowledge

Study of scientific knowledge (a division of gnoselogia).

Knowledge: A process in which a subject comes into contact with an object, and through a trial, a concept of this is formed.

Elements

• Subject
• Object
• Reasoning
• Concept

Types of Knowledge

• Sensing: Directions
• Abstract: General knowledge of the object

Fundamental Question

Can man attain truth with certainty?

Truth: The relationship of adequacy or conformity between knowledge and the thing itself, between subject and object.

Kinds of Truth

• Ontological: The object is consistent with the concept.
• Moral: The expression is consistent with the internal view of the speaker.
• Logical: Knowledge is consistent with the object.

States of Mind Regarding Truth

• Ignorance
• Doubt
• Suspicion
• Opinion
• Certainty

Problems of Knowledge

• Skepticism
• Relativism
• The phenomenon

Ethics: A Study of Human Action

Determines what is good and, from this point of view, how to act. Making judgments, such as: this is "right", "incorrect", "required", "allowed", and so on.

Difference Between Ethics and Morality

Fundamental Question of Ethics

Human Acts

Those who study ethics and acts of man instinctively (ill).

Moral Problems of Today

• Abortion
• Prostitution
• Drug addiction
• Corruption
• Social aggressiveness