Brain Function, Neurochemistry, and Addiction: Key Insights

Drug Tolerance and Dependence

1. In the stage of tolerance to the drug involved, the following are present in the nucleus: cAMP, protein CREB, dynorphin, and specific genes.
2. For the fight-or-flight response, both predominantly sympathetic activity and inhibited digestion occur.
3. Synaptic efficiency is incorrect; it increases the activity of presynaptic transporters.

Motor Control and Spinal Cord Injuries

4. If a rat makes a hemisection of the reticulospinal tract from the motor cortex (right side) at the bridge, the rat may not move the muscles on the left side of its body.
5. If you would like to block the action of cocaine in reward circuitry, you should inhibit dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens.

Alzheimer's Disease

6. In an old man with advanced Alzheimer's disease who has died, you would expect to find plaques of beta-amyloid peptide on the exterior of the neurons in his brain.
7. In an assault, an individual who was still at the stage of compulsive drug-seeking was arrested. In their brain, you would find high levels of delta FosB and CREB levels in decline.

Cerebellum and Motor Coordination

8. The wave theory of flow in relation to synaptic events that occur in the cerebellum states that the information must reach the Purkinje cells in a synchronized manner to activate.
9. If, as a result of an accident, the reticulospinal tract is transected, the following will be primarily affected: posture-related supervisory body movements and stereotyped movements such as walking.

Memory and Learning

10. In the movie Finding Nemo, Dory suffered from a problem with short-term memory.
11. If your brother asks you why he cannot swim in the sea after eating, you will tell him that his blood is being directed mainly to the stomach.

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

12. The brain receptor involved in alcoholism is the GABA receptor.
13. In relation to parasympathetic neurons, it is true that both are cholinergic.
14. In Parkinson's disease, neuronal degeneration occurs in the substantia nigra, and dopaminergic neurons die.
15. If you had to create a drug to treat a drug-addicted person, you would think of an inhibitor of synapses between neurons in the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Brain Damage and Motor Deficits

16. If a swimmer falls off a trampoline and severely damages the motor cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere, they will lose mobility on the right side of their body.
17. A mouse that has a mutation in the NMDA receptor will likely have a reduced memory capacity.

Cocaine's Effects on the Brain

18. To determine the brain areas on which cocaine acts, the following took place: targeted microlesions in specific areas of the brain by electrocoagulation and microinjection of substances that selectively destroy dopaminergic nerve endings.
19. Delta FosB activation in the reward circuitry produces a propensity to relapse into drug use.

Autonomic Nervous System

20. In relation to the autonomic nervous system (ANS), it is true that neurons of the parasympathetic pathway depart from the cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord, and neurons of the sympathetic pathway synapse in a lymph node near the spinal cord.
21. If you visit a patient with ataxia, they will have problems making coordinated movements.

Language and Speech

22. After an accident, if you realize that it is difficult to pronounce words, Broca's area was injured.

Cerebellar Cells

23. In relation to the cells found in the cerebellum, it is true that granular cells synapse with Purkinje cells.

Amyloid Beta Synthesis

24. In the synthesis of amyloid-beta peptide, the following are involved: amyloid precursor protein and beta-secretase.

Spinal Cord Hemisection

25. If, during an operation, the doctor mistakenly performs a hemisection on the right side of the descending pathways of the spinal cord, the patient will have paralysis on the right side of their body.

NMDA Receptor and Synaptic Plasticity

26. The activation of the NMDA receptor agrees with Hebb's theory in that there is a strengthening of synapses.

Basal Ganglia

27. The basal ganglia participate in the initiation of movements and the correctness of motor programs.

Morris Water Maze

28. The Morris water maze is used in studies of memory and spatial learning. It allows for the evaluation of spatial and associative memory by measuring the time it takes for an animal to locate a platform in a pool.

Lateral Corticospinal Tract Hemisection

29. If a rat undergoes a hemisection of the lateral corticospinal tract at the level of the mesencephalon in the right cerebral hemisphere, the rat will not be able to move the muscles on the left side of its body.

Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease

30. Children with Down syndrome have a predisposition to Alzheimer's disease because they produce higher levels of amyloid-beta and have trisomy 21.

Drug Withdrawal

31. A person who stops using drugs will suffer withdrawal symptoms, which can be described as unpleasant physiological changes resulting from the lack of consumption.

Enteric Nervous System

32. In relation to the enteric nervous system, it is true that it acts at the level of the colon.

Memory and Long-Term Potentiation

33. Memory is related to long-term potentiation and the NMDA receptor.

Passive Immunization for Alzheimer's Disease

34. Passive immunization has been used as a strategy to reduce the damage of Alzheimer's disease. It consists of the injection of antibodies that recognize amyloid-beta.

Hippocampal Damage

35. A mouse that has damaged the hippocampus will probably have memory problems.

Drug Dependence Model

36. In relation to the experimental model used in the development of drug dependence, it is true that animals are used that exhibit behaviors similar to humans with the administration of drugs. Animals with unlimited access to drugs consume higher doses and develop tolerance and dependence.

Cerebellum and Brain Comparison

37. When comparing the structure of the cerebellum with the brain, it can be said that the cerebellum receives input from the brain, and the brain receives efferents from the cerebellum.

Peripheral Nervous System Subdivisions

39. When referring to subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it is correct to say that the efferent pathway of the autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, the efferent somatic nervous system relates to skeletal muscle, and the enteric nervous system relates to the innervation of the digestive system.

Addiction Studies

40. In a laboratory that studies drug addiction, experiments were conducted in rats with VTA injuries.