The Big Bang, Galaxy Formation, and Star Evolution

Classified in Geology

Written at December 20, 2023 on English with a size of 3.09 KB.

Write the schedule of the main big bang events.

Before the Big Bang, according to scientists, the vastness of the observable universe, including all its matter and radiation, was compressed into a hot, dense mass. This point experienced a violent expansion, origin of time, space and all groupings of matter. This almost incomprehensible estate has been speculated that existed just a reaction of the first second of time. Massive blast allowed all known matter and energy of the universe, including space and time, to arise from some type of unknown energy. As the universe expands over time, the size increases, but temperature decreases and its density too. As time passed the material were getting cooler and began to form diverse types of atoms, and these eventually condensed into stars and galaxies of our present universe.

Define Galaxy and nebulae. Relation between stars and nebulae

A galaxy is a massive system of stars, clouds of gas and dust, dark matter, and perhaps dark energy, gravitationally linked.
Being part of a galaxy there are substructures such as nebulae. Some nebulae come from the gas and dust thrown out by the explosion of a dying star, such as a supernova. Other nebulae are regions where new stars are beginning to form. Stars are born in clouds of gas and dust. These knots contain sufficient mass that the gas and dust can begin to collapse from gravitational attraction. One day, this core becomes hot enough to ignite fusion and a star is born.

How do stars release energy? How can we differentiate the temperature of the surface?

The core of a star is an intense environment. The pressures are enormous, and the temperatures can be greater than 15 million Kelvin. But this is the kind of conditions you need for nuclear fusion to take place. Once these conditions are reached in the core of a star, nuclear fusion converts hydrogen atoms into helium atoms through a multi-stage process. To complete this process, two hydrogen atoms are merged together helium. This whole reaction is exothermic, and so it releases a tremendous amount of energy.

What does the final destination of a star depend on?

The evolution of stars depend on the size of the star

Small and medium stars: When fuel is exhausted the star dies expelling outer layers as a planetary nebula,

Giant stars: When fuel runs out, they suffer an intense gravitational collapse: The nuclear stove stops and gravity acts

Define black holes. A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying

Explain the origin of the moon and the evidence confirming the theory. Suggests that the Moon formed out of the debris left over from a collision between Earth and an Mars-sized impacting body called theia.

Earth's spin and the Moon's orbit have similar orientations and Giant collisions are consistent with the leading theories of the formation of the Solar System.

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