Baroque Art and Music: Definition, Characteristics, and Influential Composers
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Baroque Definition
Cultural and artistic movement that developed during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century mainly in Europe. Baroque art is dynamic, expressive, with a great sense of drama, and remarkable use of contrast. The taste of ornamentation stands out, being able to be recharged. The word Baroque comes from a Portuguese word meaning 'irregular pearl'.
Musical Characteristics
- Striking, colorful, vital, full of movement and dramatic effects
- Tendency to ornamentation and complexity
- Importance of contrasts in movement, dynamics, character, and timbre
- Great rhythmic energy with the use of repetitive rhythmic patterns
- Long and ornate melodies
- Establishment of the tonal system of tones and semitones
- Use of continuous bass (basso continuo)
- Birth of the orchestra and instrumental families
- Emergence of new secular genres like opera, oratorio, and cantata
Important Composers
- Bach: Considered one of the greatest composers in the history of music
- Vivaldi: Known for 'The Four Seasons' and his contributions to music
- Beethoven: Bridging Classicism and Romanticism with his compositions
- Mozart: Prolific composer who left a lasting impact on music
Important Genres
- Sonata
- Concert/Symphony
- Opera
Sonata Definition
Musical form used in instrumental music with three main sections: exposition, development, and recapitulation.