Badminton Play Systems, History, and Athletics Rules

Badminton Systems, Training, and History

Badminton Systems

Parallel System: The two players are at the same level, each covering one half of the field. It is primarily a defensive system.

Combined System: This is a combination of the two systems. In attack, it uses the front-back system, and on defense, the parallel system.

Badminton Training Examples

1. Displacement: A player is seated between two cones, six meters apart from each other. Behind each cone is a player who sends a shuttlecock, alternating with the player at the other cone, giving the seated player time to move and return it.
2. Beating: A player stands on each side of the net. One player always hits drives, lifts, and smashes, while the other only hits clears and lobs.
3. Doubles Practice: A doubles match is played in which one partner uses the front-back system and the other uses the parallel system. This helps identify the strengths and weaknesses of each system.

History of Badminton

The history of badminton has roots in China, although some attribute its beginnings to a game called Indiaca, practiced by the Incas. The first reliable references come from Pune, India, a game played by the British military that was imported to England in 1873. A makeshift champagne cork with feathers served to entertain a group of soldiers on a rainy day at Badminton House. In the late 1970s, badminton was introduced in Spain through Galicia and spread rapidly. Its final recognition culminated in its declaration as an Olympic sport and official participation in the Barcelona Olympics in 1992.

Athletics Stadium and Regulations

The athletics stadium is the main venue which hosts major athletic competitions. It consists of an oval track of 400 meters, used for racing, and different areas for jumps and throws.

Athletics Regulations

Race Rules

1. Starts: The start is invalid if a runner is in motion when they hear the starting gun. An athlete who commits two false starts is disqualified.
2. Races: In races of 100, 200, and 400 meters, runners must stay in their lane for the duration of the event. In the 800 meters, they only stay in their lane during the first hundred meters; in other races, lanes are not mandatory after the initial phase. The torso of the runner is the part of the body that determines the order of arrival. Do not impede the path of a runner when overtaking another.
3. Hurdles and Obstacles: In all athletics hurdle races, ten hurdles must be cleared. There is no penalty if the athlete inadvertently touches a hurdle and it falls. Obstacles in steeplechase can be stepped on.
4. Relays: The baton must be passed hand-to-hand to the receiving runner within the exchange zone. The receiving runner can travel a distance of ten meters in the acceleration zone to gain speed before receiving the baton. If the baton is dropped, the team is disqualified.
5. Race Walking: One foot must always be in contact with the ground; otherwise, the judges give a warning. At the third warning, the walker is disqualified.