Argentina's Diverse Climate: Regions and Weather Phenomena

Climatic Conditions in Argentina

The diverse climatic conditions in Argentina were largely shaped after the last glaciation. Due to the country's significant latitudinal extent, the amount of solar energy received varies, decreasing as one moves southward. Temperature variations are influenced by factors such as altitude, the location of mountain ranges, and proximity to the sea.

Temperature Variations and Influences

In the highlands, temperatures are low due to the effect of altitude, despite some areas being at the latitude of the Tropic of Capricorn. For instance, the Puna region is situated at an altitude of 3,500 meters above sea level. The north-central region of the country experiences the strongest continental effect, characterized by significant daily and seasonal temperature variations. Conversely, areas near the sea exhibit more moderate temperature changes.

Rainfall Patterns and Snowfall

Rainfall is primarily caused by moist winds originating from anticyclones over the oceans. Winds from the Atlantic anticyclone bring rainfall to the region north of the Colorado River; as these winds move inland, they gradually release their moisture. Consequently, the quantity of rain is greater in the east and diminishes towards the west. Winds originating from the Pacific anticyclone cause snow in the Andean range; after passing the mountains, these winds become dry. While rainfall occurs year-round in some areas, it can be more prevalent in winter. Snowfall in Argentina principally occurs in the Patagonian Andes and the Fuegian Frontal Cordillera. Snowfall is recorded throughout the year, but is most common in autumn and winter. Due to high altitude and low temperatures, humid air from the Pacific transforms into snow.

Argentina's Climatic Zones by Rainfall

• Wet Areas: High Rainfall Regions

  These regions receive more than 800mm of annual rainfall, encompassing parts of the plains and the Patagonian-Fuegian Andes. Excessive rainfall in these areas, particularly the plains, often leads to flooding problems.

• Intermediate Zone: Moderate Rainfall

  This zone receives between 400 and 800mm of annual rainfall. Additionally, the rains tend to diminish and concentrate during a specific time of year. Available water is lower due to high summer temperatures, which increase evaporation and transpiration. Therefore, crops in this zone often require irrigation.

• Arid Zone: Low Rainfall and Irrigation

  Receiving less than 400mm of annual rainfall, the arid zone forms the so-called 'arid diagonal' of the country, occupying approximately one-third of the territory. It covers most of the mountainous area in the west, the north, and plateau regions. Cultivation in this zone is primarily dependent on irrigation.

Notable Winds of Argentina

The Zonda Wind Phenomenon

The Zonda is a warm, dry wind that typically blows between May and October. It occurs when a barometric depression establishes itself over the western foothills of La Rioja, San Juan, and Mendoza. Air from a cyclone crosses the Andean ridge; as it rises, its temperature decreases, leading to the condensation of moisture and precipitation in the form of rain or snow on the western slopes. When the air reaches the summit, its temperature can drop to 15 degrees Celsius below zero. As this air descends the eastern slopes, its temperature increases significantly due to the friction of air molecules, descending at high speed and reaching temperatures near 40 degrees Celsius.

Southeast: