Andalusian Islamic Architecture: Key Features and Historical Periods

Architectural Identity of Al-Andalus

Architecture in Al-Andalus followed traditional Islamic models but adopted several distinct features:

• The horseshoe arch, often framed by an alfiz.
• The simple or interlaced lobed arch.
• A variety of complex vaults.

Historical Periods of Andalusian Architecture

1. Emirate and Caliphate Period (756–1031)

The most useful technical contributions were made, and the most richly ornamental buildings constructed, during this period.

Examples: The Great Mosque of Córdoba and the Palace of Medina Azahara (Córdoba).

2. Taifa and Almohad Period (1031–1212)

This period saw a more austere architectural style.

Examples: Alcazaba in Málaga, Aljafería in Zaragoza, and the Giralda and Torre del Oro in Seville.

3. Nasrid Period (1238–1492)

This period was characterized by richly decorated interiors.

Examples: The Alhambra and Generalife in Granada.

Representative Buildings

While mosques are the most representative buildings from this period, other structures were also vital to society:

• Fortresses
• Palaces
• Souks (markets)
• Public baths
• Schools (madrassas)

Defining Characteristics of Islamic Architecture

Islamic architecture was characterized by certain features:

• Simple Building Materials: Primarily brick and wood.
• Rich Decoration: Elaborately decorated vaults and domes.
• Supports and Arches: Extensive use of pillars and columns as supports, alongside a profusion of arches.
• Contrast in Decoration: Austere decoration of external walls contrasted sharply with the rich and varied decoration of interiors, which utilized marble, tiles, plaster, and wood.
• Gardens: Many buildings, particularly palaces, featured beautiful gardens.

The Mosque: Structure and Significance

The mosque is a place of worship, study of the Koran, and a community meeting place.

Key Components of a Mosque

Mihrab

A niche in the quibla wall.

Quibla

The wall facing Mecca.

Mimbar

The pulpit where the imam delivers sermons.

Minaret

A tower used for the call to prayer.

Patio/Fountain

Used to perform ablutions (ritual purification) before prayer.

Prayer Hall

The hall is divided into naves, where pillars hold up the roof, facing the quibla.

The Five Pillars of Islam

These are the five basic, mandatory acts of Islam:

1. Declaration of Faith (Shahada): "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet."
2. Prayer (Salat): Praying five times between sunrise and sunset, facing Mecca. This can be done anywhere, alone or in a group. The call to prayer from the mosque on Friday, the day of rest, is especially important.
3. Charity (Zakat): Giving to charity to show your gratitude to Allah.
4. Fasting (Sawm): Fasting during the month of Ramadan.
5. Pilgrimage (Hajj): Pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life for those who have the means to do so.