Ancient Roman Government: Structure and Key Figures

Consul

The consul position was held by two justices concurrently to avoid sole power. The consul acted as a supreme judge, embodying the highest civil and military authority.

Praetor

Annual magistrates responsible for administering justice. Over time, they also governed conquered provinces.

Censor

Censors conducted the city census, administered taxes, and upheld public morals. Their term lasted 5 years.

Aedile

Aediles were responsible for maintaining public works, ensuring town upkeep, and preserving public order. They oversaw markets and public celebrations.

Quaestor

Quaestors managed the Treasury, assisted consuls, and collected taxes in the provinces.

Pontifex Maximus

The highest religious authority and head of the official church.

Dictator

In times of extreme danger, a dictator was elected, consolidating all city power in a single person. Due to this exceptional authority, the term lasted only 6 months.

Tribune of the Plebs

This judiciary position, created by commoners to counter patrician power, represented and defended the plebeian class. They held veto power over any legislation detrimental to plebeian interests.

Senate

The Senate controlled foreign policy and oversaw city affairs. Initially, it comprised 300 patrician pater familias who had held high office.

Assemblies

Assemblies facilitated citizen participation in city decisions and elections. The Curiate Assembly functioned during the monarchy, initially consisting solely of patricians. The Centuriate and Tribal Assemblies emerged during the Republic, including both patricians and plebeians.