Ancient Roman Economy: Agriculture, Trade, and Society

Ancient Roman Economy

The economy was centered on agriculture and livestock. During Roman domination, the economy registered significant development due to rationalization and technical improvements.

Agriculture and Resources

The primary agricultural sector was based on the Mediterranean triad. Olive oil exports to Rome were among the largest in the empire. The Roman presence led to the emergence of technical innovations, such as draft animals, fallow land, or irrigation. Fishing was also remarkable.

Mining Activities

The development of mining revealed that the region was rich in mineral deposits. Most mines were owned by the Roman state, but private mines also existed, generally corresponding to smaller fields.

Labor and Slavery

The Roman economy relied heavily on slave labor. Cities demanded many slaves for various jobs.

Trade and Urban Development

The Roman Empire's economy thrived on trade between its various parts. An excellent communications network, by land and sea, connected regions and cities. Urban development during this period was due to the city's role in this market economy, serving as commercial centers. Coastal cities were particularly privileged due to their geographical location.

Roman Society

Society was defined by integrating indigenous people through the grant of Roman citizenship, which conferred political rights. A fundamental distinction existed between freemen and slaves. Social groups included:

• Elite: Roman citizens, owners of large estates, and the very wealthy.
• Knights: Primarily from the aristocracy, holding political office.
• Commoners: Smallholder farmers, artisans, and free workers.
• Slaves: Those without rights or freedom.

Family Structure

The family was patriarchal; the husband had custody of all family members, the authority to decide on all family matters, and the right to be obeyed. Roman women were dependent on their husbands, and their family role was primarily domestic.