Ancient Greek Literature: Epic Poetry and Theater

The Epic: Definition and Characteristics

The epic (from the ancient Greek adjective epikos (ἐπικός), derived from epos (ἔπος), meaning "word, story, poem"^[1]) is a literary genre in which the author presents legendary or fictitious events, often presented as true or based on truth, developed within a specific time and space. Authors typically employ narrative, but also use description and dialogue. Some epics were not written but transmitted orally by bards.

Homer and the Homeric Poems

Homer is the only bard whose poems are preserved. An 8th-century BCE poet, little is known of Homer's life. At one time, his very existence was questioned, and it was thought that the Homeric poems were the result of oral folk tradition, unified under the name of a non-existent poet. However, it now seems certain that he did exist and that these poems were produced by one person. According to tradition, Homer was blind and seemingly connected to noble circles, whose warlike virtues he glorified in his poems.

Key Features of Homeric Poetry

• Use of hexameter verses (verses of six metrical feet).
• Repetition of formulas and adjectives.
• Extensive use of comparison.
• Detailed descriptions.

Origins of Greek Theater

Greek theater originated in the 6th century BCE during the Dionysiac festivals, celebrated in honor of Dionysus.

Dionysiac Festivals and Early Performances

These sacred festivals were held in the city around the second week of March (City Dionysia) and in the suburbs (Rural Dionysia) by September. They lasted five days: the first was dedicated to a procession, the second to the representation of five comedies, and the last three were dedicated to a competition of tragedies. Each day, a previously selected writer presented three tragedies, overseen by senior officials.

Play Selection, Rewards, and Audience

Works were selected by a jury in a public competition; poets submitted three tragedies and a satyr play. The winner was rewarded with a golden crown and laurels.

Performances began in the early morning and continued without a break, as there were no act curtains. The public paid a small fee, but performances were also subsidized by the State.

Evolution of Performance Spaces

Early performances took place near the shrine dedicated to Dionysus, later moving to a public square.

The public's desire for comfortable viewing necessitated the construction of tiered seating, initially made of wood.

Major Genres of Greek Drama

Tragedy: Definition and Impact

Tragedy is a drama that can evoke strong emotion and pain, often with a fatal outcome. It was the genre in which Greek writers were most prominent.

Comedy: Satire and Resolution

Comedy is a satirical theatrical composition, typically with a lively and pleasant outcome.