Ancient American Civilizations: Origins and Societies

Theories of Human Migration to America

The first humans reached America approximately 100,000 years ago. The most accepted theory posits that a drop in sea level created ocean gateways, allowing humans to cross from Asia to America. These early humans lived in nomadic bands of no more than 40 people.

Alex Hrdlička's Bering Strait Theory

This theory, known as the Single Origin Theory or Asian Immigrationism Theory, proposes that as sea levels declined, an exposed continental shelf connected Asia and America. Early humans, following animals for food, crossed this land bridge.

Florentino Ameghino's Autochthonous Theory

This theory, known as the Autochthonous Theory or Theory of Indigenous Origin, posits that humanity originated in America, not the Old World. From America, humans then populated other continents via various routes.

Correa Méndez's Australian Theory

This theory, known as the Australian-Antarctic Immigration Theory or Australian Theory, suggests an immigration process from Australia. Migrants skirted the Antarctic continent and crossed the Drake Passage, utilizing a series of islands to settle in the southern tip of South America.

Economic Activities of Ancient Civilizations

The Inca Economy

• Agriculture: The foundation of their political institutions.
• Metals: All mines belonged to the emperor, and the extracted metals were meticulously guarded.
• Trade: The Incas did not operate a market economy and did not use money.

The Maya Economy

• Agriculture
• Hunting and Fishing: They also continued to be hunters.
• Animal Domestication

The Aztec Economy

The Aztec civilization's economy was primarily based on agriculture and trade.

Maya Civilization and Culture

Influenced by the Olmecs, the Maya developed permanent, village-type population centers. Despite their various organizational structures, all Maya groups shared a common cultural heritage. Their culture is notable for the extensive use of fauna and flora elements in building decorations.

Inca Civilization and Governance

The Inca Empire was governed by a chief, a theocratic and hereditary monarch, who was considered the son of the sun and held all state powers. Their economic life was primarily based on agricultural production.

Aztec Civilization and Administration

The Aztec culture was characterized by a sophisticated administration.