Ancien Régime: Society, Economy, and 18th-Century Transformations

The Old Regime, spanning from the late fifteenth century to the last third of the eighteenth century, was characterized by distinct features.

Key Features of the Ancien Régime

• Demographics

  High mortality rates and reduced birth rates resulted in minimal natural population increase.

• Economy

  Traditional agriculture dominated, with craft production controlled by guilds. Foreign trade was hampered by poor land transport, though the discovery of American territories spurred international trade.

• Society

  Society was structured by the estates system.

• Politics

  Absolute monarchy was the prevailing form of government.

• Culture

  The era saw the rise of critical thinking and experimentation.

The second half of the eighteenth century witnessed significant economic, social, ideological, and political transformations, ultimately leading to the end of the Ancien Régime. These profound changes were largely influenced by the Enlightenment.

18th-Century Economic Expansion

The eighteenth century marked a phase of economic expansion. Agriculture remained the dominant activity, with cereals being the most widespread crop. In regions like the Netherlands, parts of Germany, and particularly England, agricultural production significantly increased due to reduced fallow periods and the adoption of new techniques such as crop rotation. More productive crops, including corn and potatoes, further boosted output. These agricultural improvements directly contributed to population growth.

Handicraft production continued to be dominated by guilds, though their importance waned with the rise of domestic industry and large-scale manufactures. Domestic trade accelerated thanks to improvements in river and land communications. Foreign trade expanded with advancements in maritime transport, with British merchants largely controlling international commerce.

Population Growth and Social Transformations

During the eighteenth century, the population experienced significant growth. This demographic surge was attributed to improved nutrition, hygiene, and medical practices.

While society maintained its traditional organization, it underwent notable transformations within the estates system:

• The Nobility

  Experienced a decline in political influence.

• The Clergy

  Faced pressure from monarchs and intellectuals.

• The Third Estate

  The bourgeoisie continued its upward social mobility, with the gentry becoming increasingly wealthy. The petty bourgeoisie comprised officials, urban merchants, and similar professions. Artisans, however, saw their situation worsen, and the majority of peasants continued to live in poverty.