Almoravid Mosques: Architectural Marvels of the 12th Century

Almoravid Mosques: Architectural Insights

The Almoravid dynasty left a significant architectural legacy, particularly in their mosques. Let's explore some key features and examples.

Great Mosque of Algiers

The restoration of this mosque revealed exceptional decorative elements. It presents a unique layout with aisles parallel to the qibla wall, mirroring the Great Mosque of Damascus. Pillars support arches, evolving into cruciform pillars for reinforcement. The axial nave is divided into areas covered by various dome models. Interestingly, the mosque still retains the location of a 9th-century minaret.

In the courtyard, sober horseshoe arches and arch panels are visible. Some elements reflect later Merinid remodeling, while others, like the courtyard arches and main arcade, are distinctly Almoravid. Inside, massive Caliphate horseshoe arches on pillars create a closed, compact space. The axial nave is compartmentalized, each section with a dome. Some feature Caliphate vaulting with intersecting nerves forming an eight-pointed star and a central gallon dome, enhanced by blinds for diffused light. Other domes showcase stalactites, a feature originating from the East and popularized by the Seljuks of Persia, later reaching Fatimid Egypt and al-Andalus. Painted stucco decoration with septa or diamond patterns is also characteristic. The most elaborate dome, in front of the mihrab, is a stalactite vault with honeycomb patterns and small cupolas, further enriched with carved stucco plaques featuring geometric and plant motifs.

Mosque of Tlemcen, Algeria

Dating to 1135-1136, this mosque exemplifies typical Western mosque architecture, with aisles perpendicular to the qibla wall. Pillars and extended riwaqs create patios, and a wider axial nave is subdivided. The mosque's height is adapted to the urban context. Cruciform pillars support broad, powerful arches. The whitewashed interior features lobed arches springing from snake-shaped abutments. The mihrab, with carved plaster and a scalloped arch, follows the Cordoba model. A spectacular mihrab dome features draft fillings, with carved stucco nerves creating a translucent, lace-like effect. A small stalactite hurdle sits at the center. This sophisticated design, likely inspired by earlier examples from al-Andalus, had a limited impact on later Gothic architecture.

Qubba Ba'adiyyin, Marrakech

Marrakech, the Almoravid political center, housed a great mosque, of which only a small building remains in the medina's souks. This shrine, known as the Qubba Ba'adiyyin (c. 1120-1125), is a pavilion with a two-tiered dome. The lower level features a lobed arch. The square structure is open on all sides. Most notably, it features a ribbed and galloned dome interior.