Al-Andalus: Society, Economy, and Architecture in Muslim Spain

The Defeat of the Almohads and the Rise of the Nasrid Kingdom

In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings decisively defeated the Almohad Caliphate, paving the way for the conquest of the Guadalquivir Valley. Following the fall of the Taifa of Seville, only the small Nasrid Kingdom of Granada remained, until its eventual conquest by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492.

Andalusian Economic and Social Organization

The Andalusian economy was primarily urban, although a significant portion of the population was employed in agriculture. Production was geared towards the market, encompassing both agricultural and industrial goods. Agriculture achieved high performance through innovative irrigation systems and the introduction of industrial and medicinal plants, citrus fruits, rice, and saffron. Sheep and horse breeding also flourished.

Industry experienced significant growth, producing weapons, Cordovan leather, inlays, and luxurious textiles for export. The robust economy stimulated monetary exchanges, with the dirham and dinar serving as units of account. Cordoba, a central hub for various internal and external trade routes, boasted a vibrant souk (market).

Andalusian society was diverse, with a social pyramid that placed Arabs and Syrians at the top. Berbers were members of the Islamic army and also engaged in farming. Mozarabic Christians, along with renegade Christians (former Hispano-Goths who had converted to Islam and retained their privileges), formed another segment of society. Jews were intellectuals who engaged in trade and finance, while Slavonian guards were part of the Caliph's retinue.

Muslim Architecture in Spain: Palaces and Mosques

Muslim architecture in Spain is characterized by its eclectic use of materials, often employing inexpensive materials in a creative and effective manner. The use of color and ornamentation creates a sense of richness.

Notable examples include palaces like Medina Azahara in Cordoba and the Alhambra in Granada. These palaces feature a combination of Persian gardens and courtyards, around which various rooms are organized. These rooms are lavishly decorated with plaster tiles featuring geometric and floral motifs, incorporating the elements of water and movement, along with the color and fragrance of the surrounding gardens, creating a sensory experience.

Another significant architectural form is the Andalusian mosque. A prime example is the Mosque of Cordoba, a large pillared hall topped by horseshoe arches. Its mihrab, adorned with golden Byzantine mosaics, was built by Al-Hakam II in the 10th century.