Al-Andalus: Economy, Society, and Urban Life in Islamic Spain

Al-Andalus: Economic and Social Organization

Economic Advancements

In Al-Andalus, the economic foundation remained rooted in agriculture, but significant improvements were introduced. Irrigation technology advanced considerably, with the widespread use of irrigation ditches and wells. New crops were also introduced, such as citrus fruits, rice, and sugarcane.

While the ownership structure of land remained largely unchanged, with many large estates, the conquest led to a shift in ownership.

Urban Revitalization

With the arrival of the Muslims, there was a revitalization of urban life, and large cities emerged. The Islamic city was structured into several distinct parts:

• Medina: The core of the city, containing the main mosque and the souk (market).
• Alcaicería: State-controlled areas.
• Alhóndigas: Warehouses or inns.
• Residential Areas: A second belt surrounding the medina.
• Suburbs: Neighborhoods located adjacent to or outside the city walls, often mirroring the structure of the medina with their own souks and mosques.

Craftsmanship and Trade

Craftsmanship flourished in Al-Andalus. The largest sector was textiles, with the production of silk brocade, wool fabrics, cotton, and linen. Other prominent crafts included leatherwork, ceramics, glass art, and papermaking.

Trade was very intense, facilitated by Muslim control of the southern slopes of the eastern Mediterranean. The control of the Sudanese gold trade also contributed to a thriving monetary society.

Social Structure

The society of Al-Andalus was divided into two main categories: Muslims and non-Muslims.

Muslim Groups

• Arab Aristocracy: Including Syrians, they occupied the most fertile lands.
• Berbers: Recently Islamized groups from North Africa, who settled in poorer soils and primarily engaged in pastoralism.
• Muladíes: Hispanics who converted to Islam to avoid paying tribute and achieve social integration.

Non-Muslim Groups

• Jews: A significant religious minority.
• Mozarabs: Christians living under Muslim rule.

Slavery

There were also slaves, divided into two main groups:

• Slavs (Sclavonians): Primarily from Eastern Europe.
• Blacks: Of Sudanese origin, often used for domestic service.