19th Century Social, Political, and Artistic Transformations

Early Workers' Movements and Social Change

First Movements Against Working-Class Exploitation

• Luddites (1811): Destruction of machines as a form of protest.
• Workers' Associations (Early 19th Century): Provided aid in cases of unemployment and illness; demanded better working conditions.
• Trade Associations (1834): Demanded the right to unionize, higher wages, shorter workdays, and child labor legislation.
• Chartist Movement (1834-1848): Advocated for universal male suffrage, empowering workers to influence laws.
• Utopian Socialists (First Half of 19th Century): Sought to transform capitalist society through collectively owned communes.

Political Ideologies: Marxism and Anarchism

Marxism

• Based on historical materialism.
• Supports political parties as a means to achieve change.
• Advocates for the dictatorship of the proletariat.
• Property is owned by the state.

Anarchism

• Proposes social organization in free communes.
• Does not support political parties.
• Rejects the concept of a state.
• Prioritizes individual freedom over any collective identification.

Shared Principles of Marxism and Anarchism

• Both believe capitalism is based on worker exploitation and oppression.
• Both favor a more equal role for women in society.
• Both advocate for revolution to eliminate capitalism.
• Both envision a classless society based on equality, with no economic differences or private property.

Artistic Movements and Masterpieces

Rococo: The Swing by Watteau

• Period: Rococo (18th century), often associated with nobility.
• Characteristics: Love scenes and a pleasant atmosphere created by pastel colors.
• Description: The scene depicts a young woman on a swing, pushed by an older man, while a young man watches from below, symbolizing sensuality.

Neoclassicism: The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David

• Period: Neoclassicism (Mid-18th Century to early 19th Century, around 1830s).
• Characteristics: Drawing is emphasized over color.
• Description: Marat appears naked in his bath with a peaceful expression, contrasting with the tragedy of his death, which is implied to be murder by the book he was reading. Lacks traditional space perception.

Neoclassicism: The Turkish Bath by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

• Characteristics: Drawing is more important than color.
• Figures: Naked and often unrealistic figures, imitating classical sculpture, making painted figures resemble sculptures.
• Composition: Perspective is achieved through geometrical elements.
• Themes: Sensuality and ideal beauty.

Architectural Styles: The Triumphal Arch

• Return to the architectural elements of Antiquity: columns and pediments.
• Use of classic Antiquity’s architectural designs: temples and arches.
• Emphasis on important public buildings.

Economic and Social Transformations

Consequences of the Transportation Revolution

The transportation revolution led to increased speed, safety, and reduced fees, encouraging greater use for both travel and trade.

Increased Trade and Globalization

A key aspect was the significant increase in British cotton exports during the 19th century. Visual representations often use colors to indicate the years when cloth was exported to various countries.