19th-Century Realism and Naturalism in Literature

Introduction

In the second half of the 19th century, realism emerged as a reaction against romanticism. Realism prioritized observation and aimed to reflect social and everyday life as it truly was, showing reality objectively. This contrasted with the subjectivity of romanticism. Naturalism, a trend originating in France, further developed realism.

Key Influences and Ideas

The rise of realism and naturalism stemmed from a desire for renewal influenced by tradition. Krausism, a philosophical movement promoting free education and liberal, modern thought, played a significant role.

Realism

Realism reflects reality as is, giving insight into its various aspects. Its key characteristics include analysis and observation, focus on the novel, critique of contemporary society, objectivity, and social themes.

Naturalism

Naturalism applies the scientific method to literature. Its characteristics include a focus on reality, analysis of the root causes of problems, exploration of solutions, and integration of scientific concepts and precepts into literature.

Realistic Fiction

Realistic fiction emphasizes verisimilitude, features real characters and social themes, and is set within specific time frames and locations. Its style often includes contrasts, agile dialogues that characterize the characters, and the use of first and third-person narration, free indirect style, and interior monologues.

Novel of Manners

The novel of manners presents idealized characters and scenes, often focusing on local customs and picturesque daily life, using everyday language.

Key Authors

Juan Valera

Juan Valera's novels reflect the reality of his era. He used irony and explored themes like love and happiness, providing psychological analysis of his characters. Notable works include Pepita Jiménez and Juanita la Larga.

Clarín (Leopoldo Alas)

Clarín's La Regenta revolves around adultery. Key characters include Ana Ozores, Fermín de Pas, Álvaro Mesía, and the setting of Vetusta. His style is known for its technical and structural perfection, vivid descriptions, and precise language.

Benito Pérez Galdós

Galdós's work features social criticism, political analysis, and explores themes of religion and the clergy. He created psychological portraits of his characters and used descriptive language, humor, irony, and spontaneity. His Episodios Nacionales, a series of 46 novels, narrates historical events through fictional characters. His earlier novels offer less psychological depth and use an omniscient narrator, while later works portray Madrid society and incorporate interior monologues. His spiritual novels emphasize moral values.