19th Century Cultural Shifts: Romanticism and Realism

The 19th Century: Romanticism and Realism

In the first half-century, liberal revolutions occurred against the former regime. In the second half, the bourgeoisie took hold as the dominant class in society. Romanticism corresponds to the period in which society was immersed in the liberal revolutionary process. Realism coincides with the stage where revolutions had succeeded. Romanticism contrasts the ideal and the real, i.e., it seeks to transform a reality with which it feels dissatisfied. Realism, conversely, tries to describe society as it is. The romantic writer uses subjectivity, while the realist writer describes with objectivity.

1. Society of the Romantic Era

The Romantic Era began with the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of absolute monarchies. The Revolution of 1830 gave new impetus to liberal currents. Romantic culture connected with the political movements of its time. Its exaltation of idealism and rejection of the capitalist mentality alienated romantic culture from the great social and economic transformations of the era.

2. The Romantic Mind

Romanticism was a cultural movement that affected all aspects of life. Some yearned for a romanticized medieval society and the former regime, while others chose progress and radical liberalism. Key characteristics of the Romantic mind include:

• Individualism: Art and literature became a manifestation of the self, of personal feeling.
• Irrationalism: Romanticism valued irrational elements such as emotions and dreams.
• Defense of Liberty: A strong emphasis on freedom.
• Idealism: Poets and artists were seen as geniuses capable of penetrating the unknown.
• Nationalism: Valuing the unique traits of each country and reclaiming its history and customs.
• Exoticism: The rejection of modern society led to a romantic mood and a desire to escape into distant epochs or places through their work.
• Rebellious and Youthful Spirit: Romanticism connected with the concerns of youth.

3. Spanish Preromanticism: Historical Circumstances

The development of Spanish Preromanticism was hindered by the historical circumstances experienced by the country: the War of Independence and the reestablishment of absolutism. The first romantic work premiered in Spain was The Conspiracy of Venice by Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, a piece depicting the struggle of freedom defenders against a tyrant. Spanish Romanticism was short-lived, followed by a period of transition (Posromanticismo).