18th Century Spain: Social Structure, War, and Rebellion

Estate-Based Society

Society was divided into three estates:

• Nobility: Held significant power.
• Clergy: Possessed less power than the nobility.
• Third Estate: Comprised of the bourgeoisie, city workers, and peasants; they had few rights and paid substantial taxes.

Causes of the War of Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession stemmed from several causes, primarily the death of Charles II without a direct heir. This led England and Austria to form a Grand Alliance opposing the recognition of Philip V as King of Spain, as they supported Charles of Austria.

Consequences of the War

The primary consequence was the recognition of Philip V as King of Spain. However, Spain and France agreed to remain separate entities. Spain lost territories including the Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Sardinia, and Sicily. Additionally, Basque fishermen from Bayonne lost access to fishing grounds in Newfoundland.

Causes of the Matxinada

The Matxinada, a wheat and corn rebellion, was mainly caused by increased prices, making it difficult for the poorest to afford basic food. Another significant cause was the law abolishing cereal taxes and requiring a large portion of the harvest to be given to nobles.

Consequences of the Matxinada

The main positive consequence was the distribution of wheat and maize at affordable prices, while landlords maintained political and economic control. A negative consequence was the emigration of many people to Biscay, France, and America.