18th Century Enlightenment & Revolution: A Historical Overview

The Rise of the Bourgeoisie and Industrial Change

What changes led to the industrial and bourgeois revolution?

The development of businesses increased the wealth of the bourgeoisie, surpassing the traditionally wealthy nobility and clergy whose wealth was based on land ownership. This shift in economic power led to increased social and political influence for the bourgeoisie, despite their unequal treatment as members of the Third Estate.

What were the two new production systems?

• Domestic System: Organized by merchants who supplied artisans with raw materials, collected finished products, and managed their sale.
• Manufacturing: Large workshops employing numerous artisans to produce weapons and luxury items like glass.

Population Growth and Agricultural Production

What caused the population growth and rise in agricultural production in Europe?

A rising birth rate contributed to rapid population growth.

Spain's Legacy in 18th Century America

What aspects were part of Spain's legacy in America in the 18th century?

Spain's legacy in America included language, culture, and religion.

The Issue of Slavery

Why is slavery unacceptable for human beings?

Slavery is a violation of human rights, raising moral and ethical concerns. It causes physical and psychological harm, making it unacceptable.

Encyclopedias: Print vs. Internet

Did the internet put an end to printed encyclopedias? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each format?

The internet has largely replaced printed encyclopedias. Printed encyclopedias are more difficult to consult than online versions. Internet encyclopedias offer easier access and continuously updated content.

Enlightenment Education

What were the two goals of education according to the Enlightenment? How are they different?

The Enlightenment aimed to explain various fields of human knowledge using reason. This included intellectual areas like metaphysics and politics, as well as technical areas such as optics and carpentry.

Salons of the Enlightenment

What was discussed in salons during the Enlightenment? What was the role played by some women?

Salons were spaces where individuals debated new ideas, shared scientific discoveries, and enjoyed literary readings and musical performances. Women played a significant role in hosting and participating in these gatherings.

The US Political System

According to the chart on the US political system, what aspects have survived and what aspects have changed today?

• Survived: The three branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—remain.
• Changed: Women now have the right to vote.