Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Soil Management Practices

The primary goal of a farmer is to achieve performance levels that offer the highest possible economic return. The maintenance of soil structure and fertility, as well as the control of pests that affect crops, are interrelated aspects of soil management. Inappropriate tillage, causing a loss of soil structure, can lead to an increased erosion rate.

Tillage Systems

Conventional Tillage

Conventional tillage is based on the use of various types of plows, primarily for plowing the surface layer of soil. Each plow is usually accompanied by a moldboard, which is responsible for inverting or turning over the plowed soil layer. This achieves two objectives: firstly, existing vegetation is buried, and secondly, the crushing of... Continue reading "Optimizing Soil Health: Tillage Methods for Crop Productivity" »

Functionalism: Society as a Unified System

Functionalism conceives society as a 'social system' unified by several subsystems, where each element fulfills a certain function to make the system work. The elements or subsystems must be stable enough. If a particular social change promotes a harmonious balance, it is considered functional; if it disturbs the balance, it is dysfunctional; and if it has no effect, it is non-functional.

Functionalism and the Education System

For functionalism, the primary function of education is to prepare individuals for the particular environment they will serve. It views schools and families as essential institutions for performing the role of social reproduction, ensuring a just and legitimate social order. Education... Continue reading "Sociological Perspectives on Education: Functionalism, Human Capital, and Equality" »

Qualitative Research Techniques

Observation and Testing Methods

Observation involves counting, measuring, or tracking the subject without intervention from the investigator.

• The Experiment: Testing consumer reactions to certain actions or practices.
• Packaging Testing: Several prototype packages are tested to gauge consumer reactions.
• Tests on Advertising: Can be conducted pre- or post-performance of a marketing campaign.
• Abelson Test: An incentive is offered to consumers to stop using a specific brand, allowing investigators to observe brand loyalty.

Creativity Techniques

These techniques are based on technical cooperation within a group of people to express their opinions and free trials. They are often used in the creation of new products.

• Brainstorming:

MIG and MAG Welding Systems

Depending on the system used, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is categorized based on the shielding gas:

1. MIG (Metal Inert Gas): Uses inert gases like argon or helium. It is typically used to weld materials sensitive to oxidation, such as stainless steel, copper, aluminum, and sheet metal.
2. MAG (Metal Active Gas): Uses active gases, which include carbon dioxide, oxygen, or mixtures of argon and carbon dioxide. MAG is applied primarily to ordinary steel or low alloy steels.

GMAW Equipment Components

A complete GMAW setup consists of the following essential components:

1. Power Supply

   Provides the necessary electrical current for the arc.

2. Wire Feed Mechanism / Electrode

   This mechanism ensures the continuous feeding of the wire electrode.

Just-in-Time (JIT) and Quick Response (QR)

Just-in-Time (JIT), meaning "at the right time", ensures that raw materials and finished products are available to the production process or the end user precisely in the class, quantity, and time required. The Quick Response (QR) technique is a management system that uses information technology for real-time information about market demand and responds instantly, reducing production costs and maintaining stocks.

Distribution Channel Selection

Choosing the best option among possible distribution alternatives is crucial. Decisions include single or multi-channel, direct or indirect. The most frequent activities in a company are:

• Development of the company's distribution plan.
• Determining the geographic scope

Cable Testing Phase Continuity and Order

Checking Cable Continuity

To ensure cable continuity, form a loop bridging two phases at one end. Connect the other end to an isolation and tension meter. Test the continuity of the three possible loops, including one to neutral.

A high impedance reading indicates a discontinuity in the cable.

Verifying Phase Identification

To identify phases, ground one phase at one end of the wire. At the other end, connect an isolation meter between each conductor and ground, applying 500V successively. The lowest of the four measurements corresponds to the same conductor on both ends.

Dielectric Strength Test: Low Voltage Cable Insulation

The risk of damaging a new cable depends on the discharge time constant. Never discharge... Continue reading "Cable Testing and Maintenance: Ensuring Network Reliability" »

Spanish Social Security: Schemes and Benefits

Schemes

• General Scheme: Employees in industry and services, including artists, athletes, bullfighters, rail workers, commercial service providers, and local administration officials.
• Special Scheme: Self-employed individuals, domestic workers, agricultural workers, maritime workers, miners, students, government officials, and civilian and military personnel.

Membership and Social Security Number

Application for Membership/Social Security Number: This number is required to access social security benefits and track your work activity.

Affiliation: While working, you are required to join one of the two schemes and contribute before starting work.

Temporary Disability

• Causes: Common illness, non-occupational

Salary and Work Regulations

Salary

Salary compensates employees for their work. Employers are obligated to pay at least the minimum wage established by law.

Payment Methods

• Money: The most common payment method.
• In Kind: Goods or services provided as compensation.

Wage Rates

• Unit time
• Work unit
• Mixed system

Payment of Wages

Wages must be paid on the agreed date, within working hours or immediately after, at the workplace. Employees are entitled to advances.

Workday and Working Hours

The workday refers to the number of hours an employee works within a specific period. The work schedule specifies when an employee must work each day.

Normal Working Hours

• The maximum workday is 40 hours per week.
• Shift workers successively occupy the same jobs, following a specific

Wave propagation systems TV: Systems of wave propagation are electomagneticas TV: Propagation Propagation by air and electrical conductors. But at the time the waves that propagate through the air can be classified into: ground electromagnetic waves : Those that propagate through the earth but in their path are all sorts of obstacles so the intensity decreases. Electromagnetic waves of space: They spread through the layers of the atmosphere, and these waves tend to move away from the land, finding the waves bounce off various obstacles to the ground with what is thus caught waves on earth. The polarization can be vertical or horizontal. The wavelength is measured in meters, the distance between two points is equal consecutivas.Se wave transmission... Continue reading "TV Antenna Technology: Wave Propagation, Components, and Geostationary Orbits" »

Understanding Newspaper Articles

Newspaper articles are primarily intended to report on events and issues of interest to the public.

Key Features

Newspaper articles include heterogeneous information, entertainment, and opinion sections.

The medium (newspapers, magazines, radio, and television) shapes the message.

They combine verbal, photographic, and graphic codes.

The language used in newspaper articles serves several functions:

• Representative: Covering current topics.
• Appellate: Presenting opinions.
• Poetic: Using resources to capture the reader's attention.

Language Resources

Morphosyntactic Level

• Correct use of the imperfect subjunctive.
• Use of the past perfect indicative.
• Abundance of verbal phrases.
• Use of longer words.
• Direct quotations.
• Frequent use