Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Organization of the Department of Trade

Different forms of organization that have a commercial department:

Types of Commercial Department Structures

Functional Organization

This structure is built on the basis of work carried out within the department. Also called classical, it is a cost-effective form of organization.

Each department head is responsible for the specific functions that occur within the functional organization.

Product-Based (Divisional) Organization

The distribution of material and human resources is based on the products or services the company offers, especially when these require very different facilities and specialist equipment.

Joint Organization

This structure emerges when product-based organization is too expensive for the sales... Continue reading "Commercial Department Structure and Interdepartmental Relations" »

Understanding Business Logistics

Logistics is a comprehensive set of actions a business performs, starting from the purchase of inputs and raw materials to the final product delivery to the customer.

Importance of Logistics in Business

The importance of logistics stems from the critical need to improve customer service by optimizing the marketing and transportation stages at the lowest possible cost.

Role of Business Logistics

Business logistics serves as a vital component in an organization's processes. It optimizes costs and processes, aiming to eliminate non-value-adding activities in a product and pave the way for new, essential processes that benefit the product as a whole within the company.

Key Activities of a Logistics System

• Provision of

Factors Influencing Speed

Muscle Factors

Provision of bony plates, fiber layout types. The fibers are fast-twitch white and slow-twitch red. The percentage distribution of the fibers depends on:

• Type of muscle
• Age (older individuals often have a higher percentage of red fibers)
• Gender (women often have fewer white fibers)
• Degree of training
• Genetic constitution: Higher or lower muscle viscosity or tone. Greater or lesser muscle elongation capacity. Greater or lesser muscle mass.

Nervous Factors

Intramuscular coordination. Speed of nerve impulse transmission from excitation to inhibition centers or vice versa.

Training Factors

These include:

• Strength and Power

  The increase in strength or power for muscle contraction is responsible for the increased acceleration

Labor Day

Time is measured in days, weeks, or months that the employee is engaged in work.

Duration of the Day

The duration of the day must be agreed upon in the collective agreements or employment contracts within the limits established by law. The working day is measured in hours.

• Daily Weekly: Maximum duration: 40 hours per week.
• Working day: According to the ET, it cannot exceed 9 hours.
• Special Days: Activities and characteristics of some sectors can make necessary additions or reductions in working hours.

Breaks

The minimum periods of rest established in the collective agreement and the ET must be respected.

• Rest in the day: More than 6 hours: minimum 15 minutes; up to 6 hours: not required. Under 18 years: at least 15 minutes.
• Minimum closing

Classification of Technical Drawings

Technical drawings, as defined by standards like UNE 1 to 166 - 1:1996, ISO 10209 - 1:92, or DIN 199, are classified into different types based on their representation, form, content, and purpose.

Technical Drawings by Representation

• Sketch: Freehand representations used for initial product development.
• Scale Drawing: Accurate representations drawn to scale, including all necessary technical details.

Technical Drawings by Form

• Original Drawing: The initial drawing, created manually or using CAD software, typically on transparent paper.
• Reproduction: A copy of the original drawing, produced through printing, photography, or blueprinting.

Technical Drawings by Content

• Assembly Drawing: A comprehensive drawing showing

Spain's Right to Autonomy and Territorial Structure

The State is organized territorially into municipalities, provinces, and autonomous communities that are formed. All these entities enjoy autonomy in the management of their respective interests. The right to autonomy must be based on the principle of solidarity between autonomous communities. The State ensures the realization of this principle of solidarity, guaranteeing the establishment of an economic, appropriate, and fair balance between the various parts of Spanish territory. Spain has 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities: Ceuta and Melilla.

Autonomy Statutes: Core Regional Legal Norms

The autonomy statutes are the basic institutional norm of each Autonomous Community. They... Continue reading "Spain's Autonomous Communities: Structure and Powers" »

Employment Contracts and Arrangements

Definition of the Employment Contract

The employment contract is an agreement between the employer and employee. The worker agrees voluntarily to provide services and submit to the organizational and management power of the employer.

Essential Elements of the Contract

The essential elements that must be defined in the employment contract include:

• The parties entering into the contract (identity of the employer and the worker).
• Working time, start date, and duration.
• Workplace.
• The category or professional group.
• Salary.
• Vacation entitlement.
• Notice periods and the applicable collective agreement.

Employer Duties Regarding Documentation

The employer has the following duties:

• Submit a copy of the contract to the worker.

Project Manager Functions

• Define objectives
• Organize resources
• Conduct planning
• Establish budgets
• Coordinate implementation
• Check the results with respect to the proposed objectives

Subsystems of a Project Management System

• Planning:
  • Target identification
  • Making plans and timing of achievement
  • Identification of resources available within the organization and externally
• Organization: Define the type of project organization to be used
• Control: Select the measurement standards and reference checkpoints for budget programming and technical quality of work
• Information:
  • Formal information channels through reports
  • Informal information channels through meetings
• Technology: Specific features of the project and knowledge of components and systems to develop
• Corporate

Each face of the plate or disk surface is divided into a number of concentric rings, called tracks. The number of these tracks depends on the sensitivity of the mechanical parts inside the disk.

Each track is numbered from zero, increasing as we move towards the center of the disc.

Speaking of tracks also means talking about cylinders. The number of tracks per surface equals the number of cylinders. If the positioning arm is on a certain track, it is on the same track on all disks, and the set of all those tracks is called a cylinder.

The tracks are divided into sectors, which hold the same amount of data (512 bytes). However, these tracks do not always have the same number of sectors. This depends on the length of the track. For example, the... Continue reading "Hard Drive Structure: Tracks, Sectors, and Logical Organization" »

Pricing Strategies

Price is the consideration that the consumer is willing to give in exchange for a product.

Three Key Pricing Strategies:

1. Penetration Pricing: Entering the market with low pricing, often in a "closed market." The disadvantage is that these prices are below the optimal price, making it difficult to raise them later. Raising prices after establishing a low price can lead to a decrease in demand.
2. Maximum Pricing: Setting very high prices to maintain a premium image, potentially sacrificing sales volume. This policy is often short-term, as competitors may offer lower prices.
3. Undertaking Prices: This strategy doesn't define the true price initially. It allows for price increases without significant impact because the initial price wasn'