Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

The Outbreak of Civil War

On July 17, 1936, a civil war erupted in Melilla, Ceuta, and Tetuan, and on July 18th, it spread to mainland Spain. An important sector of the army (Franco, Queipo de Llano, Mola, etc.), along with traditionalists and Falangists, staged a coup. The rebels seized control of governing bodies in some cities and established a board of military officers, intending to restore order and suppress popular unrest. Within two days, the rebels had secured several forts.

On July 19th, José Giral decided to arm militias (volunteer groups) of unions and parties of the Popular Front to stop the coup and defend the Republican government. General Goded led the uprising in Catalonia, but it received little support from the civilian population.... Continue reading "Spanish Civil War: A Nation Divided (1936-1939)" »

Insulator Types and Classification

B. Suspension Insulator String

Consists of several insulators, the number of which depends on the line voltage and required isolation level. Used for alignment, it supports the conductor by setting the suspension clamps.

C. Strain (Tie) Insulators

Used at angle supports, and at the beginning and end of the line, where mechanical stress is high. The conductor is secured using tension clamps.

D. Classification by Constitution

• Simple: One-piece construction.
• Compound: Consists of two or more pieces.

E. Classification by Installation Site

Insulators are classified for indoor or outdoor use, including those designed for high humidity or rain environments.

F. Classification by Fit and Finish

Insulators are classified as having... Continue reading "Transmission Line Insulators and Support Structures: Types and Forces" »

Psychological Aspects of Pregnancy

Pregnant women often experience psychological changes, including:

• Cycles of anxiety throughout the pregnancy.
• A process of regression, which translates as childlike behavior (e.g., cravings or antojos).
• Nausea and vomiting, and increased sleepiness (due to internal changes).
• Dreams involving fear of dying during childbirth or having a sick child.
• Typical stress outlets.
• Anxiety related to unknowns: the sex of the child, the birth date, and breastfeeding.

Most Common Physical Complaints

Physical changes and discomforts frequently reported include:

• Cutaneous corrugation (skin changes) and stains/pigmentation.
• Digestive pain, muscular pain, and skin discomfort.
• Hemorrhoids and cramps.
• Significant physical changes: shifted

It will absorb local artistic traditions. These traditions are: Hispanic Art, Roman (Roman classical), Paleochristian Art, and the influence of Islam, Visigothic, and East.

In the 10th century, with the Caliphate of Cordoba, Hispano-Muslim art buildings were built that marked the climax, making it the classical period of Islamic art. From this time on, it became a benchmark for all future stages, until the 15th century, with Nasrid survivals.

Another influence is from the North of Africa, both in the Umayyad period and Taifa. From the 11th century until the 13th century, it will become part of the Empire.

Christian influence: They coexisted with Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. The boundaries are blurred in cultural and artistic exchanges (the... Continue reading "Umayyad Art in Al-Andalus: Religious Architecture" »

Majolica

**To be decorated, parts were acquired at a lower cost, and thus the slab was imposed on metal objects.** He influenced all of Europe. The majolica ceramic body is covered with a porous coating with tin and painted with enamel colors. This technique, originating from the Islamic world, was widely used in the Iberian Peninsula and Italy, especially in Majorca, hence the term "majolica" (Italian *Maiolica* = Mallorca).

Once baked, the enamel is spread with a thin layer of copper or silver pigment mixed with ochre. It is then fired again, producing a total or partial metallization of the copper pigments. This gives the object a special shine and produces reflective effects. There is a wide color gamut.

Porcelain

Porcelain is the most refined... Continue reading "History and Types of Porcelain: From China to Europe" »

Banking Financial Intermediaries in Spain

Banks, thrifts, and credit unions constitute the Spanish banking system. These entities are financial intermediaries. The primary differences between them lie in their legal structure:

• Banks: Private companies aiming to generate profits for their owners.
• Savings Banks: Non-profit entities allocating profits to charitable and social causes.
• Credit Unions: Members are depositors who benefit from their financial services.

Regarding services, the typical activities of these banking intermediaries are very similar: deposit-taking and lending.

Market Failures

1. Cycles: The market is criticized for failing to ensure stable economic growth.
2. Externalities: Many economic activities generate external effects on society

Toxicological Properties and Exposure

The dose of a poison refers to the quantity absorbed by the body, typically measured in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). The resulting damage depends on various factors, including human physiology, the contaminant's inherent toxicity, and the rate at which the body absorbs the contaminant. Given the variability of these factors, we define the concept of exposure, represented by the formula E = f(c, t), where 'c' is concentration and 't' is time.

Types of Poisoning

• Acute Intoxication: This leads to a severe deterioration in the body, becoming apparent within a short period. It requires acute exposure to the toxic substance and rapid absorption by the organism.
• Subacute Intoxication: Less severe than acute intoxication,

Chalcolithic Material Characteristics

Bell-shaped vessels were common, known for their good cooking properties and profuse exterior decoration. Smaller vessels sometimes featured interior decoration as well. The exterior typically displayed alternating smooth and decorated horizontal bands. Lower triangular motifs sometimes incorporated radial patterns when viewed from below, while the lip featured narrow bands with more complex decorations. Vertical band developments were also present. Some bands were filled with parallel oblique lines, oblique lattice patterns, or left undecorated. Printed series of spikes were also observed. The arrangement and combination of decorative motifs varied depending on the specific type, such as troughs, Ciempozuelos,... Continue reading "Chalcolithic Artifacts: Pottery, Arrowheads, and Idols" »

Types of Welding and Soldering

Homogeneous Welding

In homogeneous welding, the metals being joined are of the same nature as the filler material.

Heterogeneous Welding

In heterogeneous welding, the materials involved are of different natures.

Soldering

Soldering is a heterogeneous weld between two metals, potentially using a filler metal ('contribution') of a different kind. It typically involves fusion materials below 450°C. Common applications include welding cables, panels, and low-resistance joints in bodywork (carrocería). The process relies on a filler metal that melts and spreads across the surface of the base metals.

Tin-Lead Solder

The melting temperature for tin-lead solder is approximately 230°C. The process involves:

1. Cleaning the surfaces
2. Scraping
3. Applying

1. Recording Electrical Installation Operations

Operations are performed when an electrical installation is recorded. A facility or discharge is recorded under the following conditions:

• Open and visibly disconnect from all power supply sources.
• Block or lock in the open position, if possible, using cutting devices.

2. The Five DOR Rules for Working Without Voltage

The five DOR (De-energization, Operation, Recognition) rules for prevention and protection work without tension are:

1. Open and visibly disconnect all voltage sources via switches and disconnectors to ensure the impossibility of unforeseen re-energization.
2. Block or lock the cutting devices in the open position, if possible.
3. Verify the absence of voltage.
4. Apply grounding and short-circuiting