Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

The Decision-Making Process Stages

Effective decision making follows a structured process:

1. Recognizing the Need to Decide

   The first step is to understand that this is a situation where a choice must be made, and that it is time to choose one alternative.

2. Searching for Information

   Identify all possible alternatives and gather relevant data.

3. Assessment of Alternatives

   Each alternative must be thoroughly examined based on several criteria:

   • The ability to reach attainment of the objectives.
   • The resources required (mobilizing resources).
   • The level of difficulty of implementation.
   • The degree of acceptance by other people who may be affected.
   • Any additional benefits it may entail.

4. Implementation and Review

   Once the decision is made, it must be implemented. If the

Company Organization

The formal organization is the intentional setting that is made of the different tasks and responsibilities, fixing its structure so as to achieve the objectives set by the company.

The informal organization comprises a network of informal relationships that occur in the business field and have not been planned by management or established previously.

Synergy means cooperation. Synergy generates a greater overall effect than the sum of the effects that occur in each part separately.

The Division of Labor

Organizations can be hierarchically organized:

• Functional
• By product
• By markets
• Mixed

Organizations can be centralized with a hierarchical structure by levels, while non-hierarchical organizations are decentralized and have a flexible... Continue reading "Company Organization and Human Resources Management" »

What is right? It is the order in social life and society. The right is divided into two branches: public and private.

Public Law

The part of the legal system governing relations between individuals and private entities (e.g., criminal law).

Private Law

The branch of law that deals mainly with relations between individuals (e.g., civil law, private international law).

Labor Law

The rules and principles governing relations among workers and employers.

Powers and Social Groups

• Legislator: Creates law
• Executive: Government
• Judiciary: Judges

Members of Congress

Members of Congress are 350. A law always requires a majority of the Members plus one.

Types of Laws

• State Laws vs. Laws of Autonomous Communities (CCAA)
• Organic Laws vs. Ordinary Laws
• Law vs. Legislative

Operating Systems

If you have a computer, then you have heard about operating systems. Any desktop or laptop PC that you buy normally comes pre-loaded with Windows XP. Macintosh computers come pre-loaded with OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. The operating system (OS) is the first thing loaded onto the computer. Without the operating system, a computer is useless. At the simplest level, an operating system does two things:

• It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. In a desktop computer, these resources include such things as the processor, memory, and disk space. On a cell phone, they include the keypad, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery, and the network connection.

The activity of monks, focused on God and the destiny of man, significantly influenced the medieval theocentric worldview.

Feudalism: Social Hierarchy of the Middle Ages

The typical social organization of the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system based on the obligation of vassals to remain loyal to their lords in exchange for land.

• Nobility: Based its influence on economic, military, and political strength. It was divided into high and low nobility, and included knights and warriors.
• Clergy: Divided into high and low clergy. The former was composed of the Church hierarchy, and the latter by common clergy or popular groups.
• Commoners (Village Level): Characterized by the absence of privileges. They constituted the largest group in society, with most

The Skeletal System: Bones and Structure

Axial Skeleton

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column, or spine, holds the skull, attaches to the ribs, protects the spinal cord, and allows for the insertion of a large number of muscles. It consists of:

• Cervical vertebrae
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

Thoracic Cage

The thoracic cage includes the ribs and sternum.

• Ribs:
  • True ribs (first 7 pairs) join directly to the sternum.
  • False ribs (next 3 pairs) join the sternum indirectly via cartilage.
  • Floating ribs (last 2 pairs) do not join the sternum.
• Sternum: Composed of 3 parts:
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process

Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs and their girdles.

• Upper Extremities:
  • Girdle: Clavicles and scapulae
  • Arm:

Value Added Tax (VAT) in Spain

What is VAT?

VAT (Value Added Tax) is an indirect tax levied on the consumption of goods and services in Spain. It applies to the delivery of goods and services but does not apply to the Canary Islands, Ceuta, or Melilla, which have their own indirect tax systems.

Taxable Events

The following are considered taxable events for VAT purposes:

• Delivery of goods and services
• Intra-community acquisitions made by employers and professionals
• Imports of goods made by entrepreneurs, professionals, and individuals

Transactions Not Subject to VAT

The following transactions are not subject to VAT:

• Provision of services arising from labor relations or administration
• Delivery of free samples without commercial value for promotional purposes
• Delivery

Natural Resources: Definition and Global Significance

Natural resources are all components and elements of nature that serve living beings to meet their needs and promote the development of our communities.

A Mega-Diverse Nation: Global Biodiversity Highlights

This country stands out as a mega-diverse nation, boasting remarkable biodiversity statistics:

• 4th in the world for life zones (84 of 117 global zones).
• Among the top 17 mega-diverse countries.
• 4th in forest area.
• Home to 25,000 species of flora (10% of the world total), with 30% of these species being endemic.
• 5th globally in the total number of species.
• 1st in the world for known and utilized plant species (4,400 species used for 49 different purposes).
• 1st in the world for native domesticated

After the First World War, most of the belligerent countries had suffered serious economic losses. The United States was the only exception, consolidating its position as a great world power.

The return to the pre-war economy presented many difficulties. These included:

• Dependence of European governments on the U.S. economy
• Increasing protectionism
• Rising inflation caused by an increased money supply during the war
• Rising unemployment
• A tendency towards overproduction in the economic system

The Roaring Twenties and the 1929 Crash

In the 1920s, America best reflected confidence in the future because it was the only country experiencing significant economic expansion. For this reason, much of the population took out loans and speculated on the New York... Continue reading "The Great Depression: Causes and Consequences" »

Previous Concepts

Stress: The applied force per unit area.

Elongation: Deformation of a material under the action of a force.

Reduction in Area: The decrease in cross-sectional area.

General Properties

• Impenetrability: The volume occupied by a body cannot be occupied by another simultaneously.
• Severability: Divisible parts can be increasingly smaller.
• Porosity: Having pores.
• Compressibility: The ability of bodies to decrease their volume by applying pressure.
• Affinity: The force that unites similar materials.
• Adhesion: Attraction established between bodies whose surfaces are in contact.
• Solubility: The ability to dissolve and disperse within a liquid.
• Specific Gravity: The ratio of a body's weight to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance.