Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Understanding Viruses: Structure, Infection, and Immunity

A virus is a biological entity that needs a cell host to reproduce. Each virus particle, or virion, is a potentially infective agent consisting of a capsid (or protein coat) of protein surrounding the nucleic acid, which can be DNA or RNA. The shape of the capsid may be straightforward or helical, typically icosahedral (polyhedral or near-spherical), or complex, typically comprising a head and a tail. This structure can, in turn, be surrounded by the viral envelope, a lipid layer with different proteins, depending on the virus.

The life cycle of a virus always requires the metabolic machinery of the invaded cell to replicate its genetic material, producing many copies of the original virus.... Continue reading "Viruses Explained: From Structure to Treatment" »

Genetic Disorders

A genetic disorder is a disease caused by an alteration of a gene, called a mutation. These mutations can occur randomly or as a consequence of exposure to some environmental risk factors.

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis is a test used to determine whether a fetus has a genetic disease.

Environmental Factors

• Exposure to carcinogens: Components of cigarette smoke may induce gene expression, provoking different types of cancer.
• Water and food: In some rural areas, water could be contaminated with pesticides or substances from farms and industries. In developing countries, contaminated water is responsible for many (often fatal) diseases.
• Pollution: Cities with high levels of pollution and areas close to nuclear power plants may increase

Sales Organization

Our company, operating in the tertiary sector, is dedicated to providing services directly to the customer. Therefore, we utilize a direct distribution channel: Manufacturer to Final Consumer.

Pricing Policy

Our company aims to achieve the following objectives:

• Establish a permanent presence.
• Generate market returns in the short term.
• Promote and position our products and services, and defend against competition.

Pricing: The price of our products and services is set by studying the following three methods, so we consider:

• The costs (COST & SELLING PRICE RANGE)
• The maximum price that can be set on the market, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the company against the competition.

Legal Form

The legal form is a Limited... Continue reading "Company Structure, Pricing, and Legal Aspects" »

1 .- Visión binocular 2 .- Color Perception 3 .- Trunk erect climbing, walking or sitting. 4 .- orbits surrounded by bone 5 .- Thumbs opposed to other fingers. 6 .- Presence of flat nails rather than claws, hands and feet. 7 .- Shoulder joint well developed 8 .- The elbow joint allows rotation of the forearm. The forearm rotation movements are known as pronation and supination.
Monkeys: Cercopitecoideos: Macaques, baboons, Chucks
Hominoids: chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, gibbons, Male hominoids - Hylobatidae (Gibbons) - Hominidae (orangutans (ponginos) Gorilla (gorilla), chimpanzees (Pan), Man (homo))
Foramen magnum in the center of the skull, thus allowing a march erguida.-Increased skull size and more rounded. - Absence of supraorbital... Continue reading "Primate Evolution and Human Ancestry: Key Adaptations and Milestones" »

Contract Suspension and Workplace Mobility

2.0 Suspension of the Work Contract: This refers to the temporary suspension of work provision without the labor contract being terminated. Kinds of suspension:

2.1 Mutual Agreement of the Parties

The worker and employer must agree on the suspension.

2.2 Temporary Disability

This includes situations of common or professional disease, or while receiving social security assistance.

2.3 Maternity, Paternity, Adoption

The contract may be suspended in such cases.

Features:

• Maternity: 16 weeks of uninterrupted suspension.
• Paternity: 13 days, extendable by 2 more days per additional child.
• Pregnancy Risk: Suspension ends when the risk is over.
• Breastfeeding: Suspension ends when the infant reaches 9 months.

2.4 Public

Social Security:

A set of rules and institutions aimed at assisting and protecting citizens against certain claims or states of need, ensuring their prevention.

Entities and Solicitors:

• INSS (National Social Security Institute): The organization responsible for the recognition and management of the right to economic benefits within the Social Security system during its contributory phase. It also recognizes the right to family benefits and healthcare, except for unemployment benefits. It manages the Social Institute of the Navy.
• IMSERSO (National Institute of Migration and Social Services): Manages the rights to economic benefits of the Social Security system during its non-contributory phase. IMSERSO is also responsible for managing complementary

Injuries in Children in Developed Societies

In developed societies, infectious diseases are no longer the primary cause of high infant mortality. Instead, accidents have become a leading cause of death.

Blooper Children: Definition and Types

An accident is an event independent of human will, caused by an outside force, acting quickly and resulting in physical or mental damage. Accidental injuries in children can be caused by falls, traffic accidents, poisoning, etc. Infants are particularly vulnerable. Accidents are the leading cause of death in children over one year old.

Accidents and Health

Accidents are a major public health problem in developed countries. Childhood accidents are a priority due to their frequency and serious consequences.

2.

Spanish Autonomous Communities

Overview of Autonomous Communities

Spain is divided into several autonomous communities, each with its own government and powers. These include:

• Andalusia
• Basque Country
• Catalonia
• Canary Islands
• Galicia
• Balearic Islands
• Navarra
• Valencia
• Castilla-La Mancha
• Aragon
• Castilla-Leon
• Extremadura
• Cantabria
• Madrid
• Murcia
• La Rioja
• Asturias

The President

The President of each autonomous community is elected by the assembly of deputies from among its members. The President's functions include:

• Directing the governing council
• Representing the autonomous community
• Summoning and dissolving the assembly
• Convening regional elections
• Appointing directors

Judiciary

The High Court of Justiciary is the highest court in each autonomous community. State law acts... Continue reading "Spanish Autonomous Communities and the European Union: A Guide" »

Parties Involved in a Bill of Exchange

The issuance and circulation of a bill of exchange involves the following parties:

• The Drawer: The creditor who issues the bill of exchange, instructing the debtor to pay.
• The Drawee: The debtor who is obligated to pay the bill of exchange at maturity. The drawee may accept or reject the payment order. If accepted, the drawee becomes the acceptor.
• The Payee/Holder/Beneficiary: The person who holds the bill of exchange and is entitled to receive payment.

Form of Bills of Exchange

A bill of exchange must be issued on official forms or stamped paper issued by the State. The amount should be proportional to the value stated on the bill. Improper formatting may cause difficulties in pursuing action against the debtor... Continue reading "Understanding Bills of Exchange: Parties, Form, and Accounting" »

The Vital Role of Blood in Circulation

Blood is a red liquid that circulates through the blood vessels. It transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and collects carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Blood Composition: Plasma and Cells

Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells.

Blood Plasma Explained

Blood plasma is a yellowish liquid that carries nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and waste products from cells.

Types of Blood Cells

• Red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes): These contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it through the bloodstream to the capillaries, where it is released to reach all cells.
• White blood cells (leukocytes): These defend us from infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and various parasites that enter through