Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Vocational training

Composite Materials

Selection Criteria of the Method to Use

1. Specified technology
2. Production parameters

Cost per Piece

• Preparation and setup time
• Tooling needs, equipment, and human resources
• Production rates
• Material cost
• Size range

Ranking Methods

Contact Molding

Molded fiber-matrix (of the piece). Starting material:

1. In situ dry fiber impregnated with resin. Wet process.
2. Fiber resin impregnated with cure retardant.

Prepregs: Mat and mixed. 70% fiber, guidance! Cut pollution, not very expensive, 10 layers, vacuum autoclave, existing alternatives.

Variants

(Increase production rates when structural requirements are not high):

1. Projection Method: Mix by air pressure. Reduces production time by 30%.

2. Centrifuge Method: The projection of the mixing is done inside a

Cytology Fixatives

Solution: Cytology fixatives, formerly employing ether/alcohol 96 in equal parts, are now rarely used due to the hazardous nature of ether. The 96% alcohol is most often used. The procedure involves immersing the preparation in the fixative bath for a minimum of 10 to 15 minutes. Other alcohols, such as 100% methanol, 80% propanol, and 80% isopropanol, can also be used. Citospray is used in samples obtained by forced exfoliation.

Sample Types in a Cytology Laboratory

Samples that can reach the lab from samples obtained by:

• Forced exfoliation: Rubbing or scraping with various instruments. This is applied to the skin and organs accessible from the outside.
• Spontaneous exfoliation: Samples containing spontaneously exfoliating

Healthcare Benefits in Spain

Healthcare aims to provide medical and pharmaceutical services conducive to preserving or restoring the health of beneficiaries. Coverage includes common or professional diseases, accidents (whether work-related or not), and maternity.

Eligibility for Healthcare Benefits

The following individuals are eligible:

• Workers, including those in the General Survey and special regimes, affiliates, and high-ranking or similar service personnel.
• Pensioners and recipients of regular benefits, including unemployment benefits or assistance.
• Relatives or carers in charge of the above, provided they meet these conditions:
  • Live with the holder and are under their care.
  • Do not perform any paid work or receive any pension.
  • Income or assets

Otto Engine Characteristics

The Otto engine is an internal combustion engine that utilizes a pre-mixed fuel-air mixture. Key characteristics include:

• Internal Combustion: Consumes a fuel-air mixture.
• Electric Ignition: Employs an electric system to ignite the compressed mixture.
• Valve Control: Intake and exhaust valves are precisely controlled by the engine's operating system.

Otto Cycle

The Otto cycle consists of four strokes, equivalent to two crankshaft revolutions:

1. Intake: Admission of the air-fuel mixture.
2. Compression and Ignition: Compression of the mixture followed by spark ignition.
3. Combustion and Expansion: Burning and expansion of the mixture, generating power.
4. Exhaust: Expulsion of combustion byproducts.

Fuel

The Otto engine typically uses petroleum-... Continue reading "Otto Engine: Characteristics, Combustion, and Components" »

Morphological Units

Morphology requires identifying and describing extra units, which are the PABRA, root, base, and the morpheme.

• Word: Minimal free form. You can change its position in a sentence (but you can change the article by the noun). Its features are:
  • Separability: i.e., between two units, you can add others.
  • Potential pause: prior or posterior that delimits the unit.
  • If bounded by several morphemes, they are inseparable and have a fixed order.
• Root: Is the basic segment or constant in any significant word. It results from removing all morphemes that accompany it.
• Theme: Part of the underlying word for flexion, remaining stable in all the reflexive forms. It is the result of diminishing grammatical accidents. It can be simple or complex.

Fabrication Painting: Cleaning and Degreasing

The areas of the car body tend to accumulate fat and dust, which must be removed before painting to ensure the product's adherence to the wing area.

Phosphating

This is a surface treatment that converts the metal. The metal is treated with a layer of microcrystalline zinc phosphate. The bodywork is immersed in a bath of composite with phosphoric acid, zinc phosphate additives, and accelerators. This provides a more uniform coating and better penetration into the hollow parts than spraying.

Responsibilities

After the phosphating process, the surface is washed with a passivating aqueous solution, which improves grip and anticorrosion protection.

Drying

This is performed with hot air to harden the layers... Continue reading "Automotive Body Painting: Processes and Techniques" »

Prions and Disease Transmission

Prions are viral proteins that cause diseases. Direct transmission is not common, but the disease can appear several years after exposure to surgical instruments, needles, or other objects used on infected corpses. Therefore, it is crucial to destroy these instruments. STH or GH, this hormone found in the pituitary of dead bodies, requires disinfection of equipment to prevent contamination of the conjunctiva and injured nerve or blood tissue.

Tuberculosis Transmission and Disinfection

Tuberculosis is transmitted through inhalation. When handling fresh infected lungs, they should be perfused with sliced formalin before using routine disinfectants. This increases the time for disinfestation.

Other Infections and Handling

Psychoanalysis explores the development of personality from the perspective of individual integrity.

Sigmund Freud's Personality Model

Freud's model helps understand the psyche. The topographic model indicates three levels of consciousness:

• Conscious: Perceptions, thoughts, and memories formed at any given time.
• Preconscious: Memories not currently in awareness but readily accessible.
• Unconscious: Memories and intentions largely inaccessible to consciousness, influencing behavior through experiences that create tension.

The structural model describes the interplay between biological drives and social desires, resulting in internal conflict. It comprises three areas:

• Id: The primitive, instinct-driven part of the personality, operating unconsciously

What is a Car Battery?

The battery is a crucial power supply component in a vehicle. It provides the necessary electrical current to the starter motor, enabling the engine to start. Think of it like a water pump in a water circuit: the pump forces water through pipes to consumers. When the pump sends more water than is consumed, the excess goes into a reservoir, which can then supply consumers. Similarly, a battery provides a consistent power supply, preventing shocks or fluctuations.

Most cars use lead-acid batteries, which convert chemical energy into electrical energy through a process called electrolysis.

Electrolysis Explained

If you immerse two electrodes in distilled water and connect them to a power source with a lamp, the lamp won't light,... Continue reading "Car Batteries: Structure, Function, and Capacity" »