Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

The Democratic Sexenio (1868–1874)

The Glorious Revolution of 1868 and the Provisional Government

The period known as the Democratic Sexenio began with the military coup of September 19, 1868, known as the Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa). This uprising in Cádiz was led by General Prim, General Serrano, and Admiral Topete (in command of the Navy).

The rebels' manifesto, titled "With Honors in Spain," was highly critical of Queen Isabella II's government structure. It sought the establishment of a provisional government to reform the current administration and implement universal suffrage. The uprising garnered significant popular support, leading to the creation of revolutionary boards.

Revolutionary troops defeated the forces loyal to Isabella... Continue reading "Spain's Democratic Sexenio (1868–1874): Revolution and Political Reform" »

Animal Coordination: Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Stimuli are transmitted to focal points. Animals have two systems for coordinating information received through sensory receptors: the nervous system, which transmits electrical signals through nerves, and the endocrine system, which sends chemical signals through the blood. Both systems produce responses to stimuli that are transmitted to effector organs (muscles or glands), thereby regulating the organism's activity at all times.

The Nervous System

The nervous system is the control center and coordinating agency.

Function: To gather information from various receptors, interpret it, generate responses, and transmit these responses to other parts of the body to inform them of what action to take.... Continue reading "Animal Nervous and Endocrine Systems: Coordination Explained" »

Foreign Currency and Market Functions

What is Foreign Currency?

A foreign currency is defined as a deposit or bank balance held in a financial institution, denominated in a currency different from the national currency.

Functions of the Foreign Exchange Market

The foreign exchange market performs several crucial functions:

• Allows for the transfer of funds between countries.
• Provides instruments for financing international trade.
• Enables the management of investment risks, arbitration, and speculation.

Understanding Exchange Rates

Exchange Rate Definition

The exchange rate of a currency is its price expressed in units of another currency.

Bid and Ask Prices

Exchange rates are typically quoted with two prices: a bid price for the buyer and an ask price for... Continue reading "Foreign Exchange Fundamentals and Financial Instruments" »

I. Modifications and Mobility in the Workplace

• Substantial Modification of Working Conditions
• Geographic Mobility
• Functional Mobility
• Substantial Modification of Working Conditions
• Geographic Mobility

II. Compensation and Claims

A. Indemnity for Dismissal

In certain dismissal scenarios, you would be entitled to the first indemnity of 20 days per year worked, with a maximum of 9 monthly payments.

B. Claiming Rights and Compensation

Before claiming, if injustice is declared, employees may have the right to maintain their previous conditions. Otherwise, compensation may be awarded:

• 20 days per year of service (maximum 9 monthly payments).
• 45 days per year worked (maximum 42 monthly payments) if the dismissal affects the worker's dignity and professional category

Key Elements for Starting a Business

The key elements to creating a business are: an enterprising idea and a well-defined business plan.

Tip: Satisfy a need by addressing specific customer requirements. Differentiate your business through price, practicality, ease of use, technical advantages, psychological appeal, or social impact.

Types of Business Structures

Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a business owned and run by one person where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The individual, with legal capacity, acts on their own behalf or through representatives, engaging in commercial, industrial, or professional activities regularly. They are responsible for fulfilling all obligations with their assets,... Continue reading "Business Structures: Key Elements and Legal Forms" »

- National sovereignty resides in the Spanish town. (The laws are determined through representatives in Parliament).
- The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation. (The territory cannot be separated) (Indissoluble: you cannot separate).
- The way politics is the parliamentary monarchy. (The form of government in which the king serves as the Head of State under the control of the legislature (Parliament) and judiciary (government), that is, the King reigns but does not govern).
- Castilian is the official state language. The other Spanish languages are also official in their respective autonomous communities.
- The state capital is the city of Madrid.
- Citizens and public authorities are subject to the Constitution

Lime

Lime is derived from the calcination of dry limestone. Quicklime (calcium oxide) tends to absorb water, forming slaked lime (calcium dihydroxide). Lime is used for various applications in construction and is also a substitute for gypsum in certain areas.

Cement

The most commonly used cement in construction is Portland cement. It is a mixture of limestone, clay, and gypsum, with additional additives often included to improve its properties. Cement serves as a crucial binding material, primarily used to join bricks and to make plaster. However, it is a significant environmental concern, emitting large amounts of CO2, approximately 5% of global emissions.

Ceramics

Ceramics are materials directly derived from the firing of clays.

Bricks

A ceramic... Continue reading "Essential Building Materials: Properties and Applications" »

Extreme Sports: An Adrenaline Rush

Water Sports

• Rafting (by boat or downriver)
• Gorge putting

Land Sports

• Caving

Air Sports

• Bridge jumping
• Paragliding
• Hang gliding

Racing Guidance

Objective

Complete a set route faster than rivals using a map and compass.

Environment

Countryside

Materials

• Map
• Compass
• Information sheet

Map

A graphical representation of the terrain, showing distances between paths. Key indicators include scale (e.g., 1:20000 means 1cm on the map equals 20000cm in reality) and contour lines.

Compass

A navigational instrument with a magnetized needle pointing North. Align the needle's North with the map's North, then rotate the compass to match the desired bearing.

Information Sheet

Helps locate key points marked on the map.

Orientation Courses

Duration

As... Continue reading "Thrilling Adventures: Exploring Extreme Sports and Races" »

The Crisis of the Restoration and Alfonso XIII

Alfonso XIII's reign was marked by the political problems inherent in the Restoration system (Restauración). The political system suffered from a profound lack of credibility and sustainability.

Political Instability and New Forces

Worker demands increased significantly. New political forces began to acquire influence, challenging the established order:

• The PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)
• Regionalist forces
• Republican forces

The 1917 Crisis

The crisis of 1917 saw widespread unrest. The military intervened, attempting to maintain the monarchy, which resulted in the Army once again becoming a crucial pillar of the government and the crown.

The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship (1923–1930)

The King's