Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Fundamentals of Metal Rolling (Laminating)

General Principles of Rolling

Rolling (Laminating) is the process of deforming a metal slab by passing it between two overlapping cylinders rotating in opposite directions. This operation can be performed hot or cold.

Hot Rolling

• It can be considered continuous forging.
• It is performed at temperatures between recrystallization and melting.
• As in forging, the material does not acquire strain hardening (work hardening).

Cold Rolling

• This is done at room temperature.
• Materials acquire strain hardening due to deformation.
• Annealing is required to finish the operation, or even during the process if the deformation is very deep.

Deformations Produced by Smooth Rolling Cylinders

1. Spread (Widening)

   The forces acting on

Endocrine System Fundamentals

What is Endocrinology?

Endocrinology is the science studying the function and pathology of the ductless or endocrine glands, whose secretions are called hormones.

Components of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a control system responsible for various bodily functions. It maintains the body's internal environment, participates in growth, sexual differentiation, and reproduction, and intervenes in reactions. Closely related chemically with the nervous system, the endocrine system functions in an integrated way. Endocrine interrelations between glands are most often governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid... Continue reading "Endocrine System and Hormone Function" »

1. MINIMUM STANDARDS

Rule 102 of the ILO: 100% of the workforce should be protected for at least 20% of the economically active population (PEA). 50% of the total population protected (PTA). 100% of the polar groups (risk groups), the very old or very minor (GP). 100% of excluded groups.

1. Describe the characteristics that motivate the German model and the English model.

   German model:

   The industrial revolution - Public assistance by Asin - there was not a labor law - the concentration of labor - Accidents at work.

   English model:

   - Unemployment - housing - death - the German model is limited to persons who had an employment relationship.

   Bismarck Model: Characteristics

   1. Tripartite
   2. Governance
   3. Specialized
   4. Compulsory employer and employee contributions

2. English Model:

Software Fundamentals

Software: Part of computer logic. All programs managed by the computer. A set of rules and instructions.

1. System Software (SW Base)

A set of programs that control the computer and form the base of application software. It allows the inner workings and facilitates user interaction and machine-to-machine communication.

1.1 Operating Systems (OS)

The closest layer to the machine, it acts as an intermediary between the user and the machine. It is the first program loaded into memory and is essential to operate the machine. Two types of interfaces exist: text and graphics.

Functions of an Operating System:

• Planning, supervision, and load initialization when running a program.
• Manage all system resources.
• Initiate and control I/O units

Intervention in Language Problems

This relates to patients with difficulties in language acquisition, verbal expression, pronunciation, reading, and writing. The speech therapist's role is to teach effective communication strategies and provide systems that enable individuals to express themselves through spoken, written, or gestural means.

Speech Therapy

Speech therapy is a discipline encompassing the study, prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of language pathologies.

Speech Articulation Disorders

• Dyslalia: Difficulty articulating phonemes (vowels and consonants) correctly.
  • Evolutionary: Language immaturity.
  • Audiogenic: Hearing impairment.
  • Functional: Difficulty controlling speech organs.
  • Organic: Organ impairment.
• Diglossia: Changes in

Chapter 1: Developments in the Channel in the 16th Century

The third-person narrator tells the story, seemingly drawing information from various sources or authors.

Chapters XI-XIV: Encounters with Goatherds

What era are we referring to? What were its characteristics? How was life lived? It refers to a primitive era where freedom, honesty, and beauty took precedence. The current difference is that these values are lost, and the errant knight must restore them.

Theory: Style

Part 1 was published in 1605, and Part 2 in 1615.

The False Quixote

In 1614, a false Quixote, signed by Avellaneda, capitalized on the success of the first part and insulted Cervantes in the prologue.

Genesis and Intention

"History of a crazy-wise man who, invoking his madness, tells... Continue reading "Don Quixote: Reason, Idealism, and Spanish Society" »

Core Concepts of Inventory and Stock

Key Definitions

• Stock (General): A collection of products accumulated in space and time, possessing economic value, remaining stored until used.
• Economic Stock: Material belonging to the firm, which is either in transit or at fixed points (e.g., supplier warehouses).
• Physical Stock: Items that have weight and volume, occupy physical space, and possess economic value. This stock must be managed.
• Assortment: A set of different products (variety) offered.
• Warehouse Stock: The total amount accumulated in the warehouse. Note: A wholesaler typically maintains a large stock but a small assortment.

Provisioning and Inventory Policy

Provisioning Process

Provisioning is the set of operations carried out by the company to source... Continue reading "Stock Management Principles and Inventory Types" »

Differences Between Delivery Notes and Invoices

Delivery Note: A provisional document justifying the dispatch of goods. It does not include VAT.

Invoice: A definitive document providing legal accreditation. It is valid for any claim and includes VAT.

Another important difference is that invoices are legally required to be kept for 6 years, while retaining delivery notes is not mandatory for the same period.

Sales Transaction Documentation

Common documents involved in sales transactions include:

• The order sheet
• The delivery note
• The invoice
• The expenses sheet
• Remittance advice
• Receipt
• Voucher or promissory note
• Check
• Bill of exchange

What Are Quantity Discounts (Rappels)?

These are discounts granted by the seller to the buyer for purchasing goods exceeding... Continue reading "Key Commercial Documents Explained" »

Concepts and Electromagnetic Phenomena

Magnetic Field Definition

Magnetic Field: The area which shows the effects of magnetic poles is said to have a magnetic field. A magnetic field is represented by lines of force.

Magnetism: Lines of force of a magnetic field created by a permanent magnet.

Magnets

• Magnets attract or repel each other, similar to electric charges.

Magnetic Magnitudes

Magnetic Flux Density (B): The number of magnetic field lines that cross the unit area (m²).

• Magnetic Flux (Φ)
• Magnetic Field Strength (H)

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism involves the creation of a magnetic field through an electric current, or the creation of an electrical current in the presence of a magnetic field.

Biot-Savart Law

An electrical charge (q), which moves... Continue reading "Fundamental Concepts of Magnetism and Electromagnetism" »

Early Telephone Technology & Specifications

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Early telephony involved transistor technology. Key specifications included a central voltage of -48V, impedance ranging from 400-1750 ohms, and a 440 Hz tone. The busy tone marking was typically 350-current, with frequencies between 480-620 Hz. DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) technology became standard. Common cable specifications included a diameter of 0.4 mm, an impedance of 280 ohms/km, and a transmitting frequency range of 300-3400 Hz.

Subscriber & Urban Cabling

The cable inside the rosette connects old and new subscriber equipment to the Network Termination Point (NTP/PTR). Urban distribution cables, such as those used by Laredo for... Continue reading "Telecommunications Fundamentals: Network Infrastructure & Transmission" »