Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Vocational training

Pricing Strategies

Price is the consideration that the consumer is willing to give in exchange for a product.

Three Key Pricing Strategies:

1. Penetration Pricing: Entering the market with low pricing, often in a "closed market." The disadvantage is that these prices are below the optimal price, making it difficult to raise them later. Raising prices after establishing a low price can lead to a decrease in demand.
2. Maximum Pricing: Setting very high prices to maintain a premium image, potentially sacrificing sales volume. This policy is often short-term, as competitors may offer lower prices.
3. Undertaking Prices: This strategy doesn't define the true price initially. It allows for price increases without significant impact because the initial price wasn'

Just-in-Time (JIT) and Quick Response (QR)

Just-in-Time (JIT), meaning "at the right time", ensures that raw materials and finished products are available to the production process or the end user precisely in the class, quantity, and time required. The Quick Response (QR) technique is a management system that uses information technology for real-time information about market demand and responds instantly, reducing production costs and maintaining stocks.

Distribution Channel Selection

Choosing the best option among possible distribution alternatives is crucial. Decisions include single or multi-channel, direct or indirect. The most frequent activities in a company are:

• Development of the company's distribution plan.
• Determining the geographic scope

Spanish Social Security: Schemes and Benefits

Schemes

• General Scheme: Employees in industry and services, including artists, athletes, bullfighters, rail workers, commercial service providers, and local administration officials.
• Special Scheme: Self-employed individuals, domestic workers, agricultural workers, maritime workers, miners, students, government officials, and civilian and military personnel.

Membership and Social Security Number

Application for Membership/Social Security Number: This number is required to access social security benefits and track your work activity.

Affiliation: While working, you are required to join one of the two schemes and contribute before starting work.

Temporary Disability

• Causes: Common illness, non-occupational

Salary and Work Regulations

Salary

Salary compensates employees for their work. Employers are obligated to pay at least the minimum wage established by law.

Payment Methods

• Money: The most common payment method.
• In Kind: Goods or services provided as compensation.

Wage Rates

• Unit time
• Work unit
• Mixed system

Payment of Wages

Wages must be paid on the agreed date, within working hours or immediately after, at the workplace. Employees are entitled to advances.

Workday and Working Hours

The workday refers to the number of hours an employee works within a specific period. The work schedule specifies when an employee must work each day.

Normal Working Hours

• The maximum workday is 40 hours per week.
• Shift workers successively occupy the same jobs, following a specific

Understanding Newspaper Articles

Newspaper articles are primarily intended to report on events and issues of interest to the public.

Key Features

Newspaper articles include heterogeneous information, entertainment, and opinion sections.

The medium (newspapers, magazines, radio, and television) shapes the message.

They combine verbal, photographic, and graphic codes.

The language used in newspaper articles serves several functions:

• Representative: Covering current topics.
• Appellate: Presenting opinions.
• Poetic: Using resources to capture the reader's attention.

Language Resources

Morphosyntactic Level

• Correct use of the imperfect subjunctive.
• Use of the past perfect indicative.
• Abundance of verbal phrases.
• Use of longer words.
• Direct quotations.
• Frequent use

Contract Amendments, Suspensions, and Termination

An amendment of contract is the alteration or modification of benefits or conditions agreed upon in the contract.

Types of Contract Amendments:

• Functional Mobility: When a worker goes to functions other than those initially agreed upon.
• Geographical Mobility: Occurs when a change in the workplace requires a change of residence.
• Temporary Displacement: A temporary change of workplace and residence.
• Final Service: A permanent or long-term change of workplace and residence.

Substantial Modification of Working Conditions:

(Refers to basic elements of the employment contract)

• Workshop
• Hours
• The regime shift work
• The remuneration system
• The system of work and performance
• Mobility extraordinary functional

Suspension

Types of Behavior

Aggressive Behavior

Individuals exhibiting aggressive behavior use violence, which can be verbal (e.g., yelling, insults), physical (e.g., threatening posture, personal attack), or psychological (e.g., contempt, indifference).

Passive/Inhibited Behavior

Passive or inhibited behavior involves prioritizing others' needs and interests over one's own. This can lead to avoiding confrontations and discussions to maintain status and affection within a group.

Assertive Behavior

Assertive behavior is rooted in respect for oneself and others. It involves expressing thoughts and feelings openly, upholding one's rights while respecting the rights of others.

Cognitive Functions

Cognitive functions are the processes through which individuals acquire,... Continue reading "Understanding Cognitive Functions and Behavior" »

Negotiation: Strategies and Conflict Resolution

Negotiation is a process in which two or more parties make deals to reconcile their differences. It involves:

• Two or more parties
• A common goal
• Each party looking after its interests
• Peaceful problem-solving

Types of Negotiation

By Object

• Organizational and Management: Relations within the company
• Commercial: Sales
• Legal: Conflict resolution
• Social: Negotiation between employers and workers

By Subject

• Interpersonal: Negotiation between two people in conflict
• Intergroup: Negotiation between groups in conflict
• Direct: Persons involved directly in the negotiation process
• Delegate: Negotiation through a representative
• Third-Party Intervention: Involving a neutral party

By Maneuverability and Influence

• Competitive: Negotiators

Essential English Phrasal Verbs

This table provides a list of common English phrasal verbs, their definitions, and example sentences to help you understand their usage.