Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Families and Households in the Economy

Families or households are primarily responsible for consumption. They make decisions about which consumer goods and services to choose to satisfy their needs. Their ability to spend depends on their income.

The circular flow of income describes the continuous flow of payments for goods and services between households, companies, and the public sector.

The Role of the Public Sector

The public sector consists of various public authorities operating at typically three levels of government:

• Local government: City councils and provincial bodies.
• Regional government: Autonomous regional administrations.
• Central administration: National government, ministries, etc.

The public sector uses several instruments to conduct... Continue reading "Economic Fundamentals: Families, Government, and Systems" »

Civil Servants (Funcionarios)

Individuals employed in public administration roles, operating under a statutory appointment. This typically involves permanent service and a fixed salary. They may serve the administration on a temporary or statutory basis.

Selection Systems

• Opposition (Oposición): Candidates undergo one or more tests to demonstrate their capacity for the vacant position.
• Contest (Concurso): Candidates are selected based on the assessment of their merits (e.g., experience, qualifications) without competitive examinations.
• Contest-Opposition (Concurso-Oposición): A combined procedure involving both the assessment of merits and the successful completion of specific tests.

Career Progression

Professional Classification

Jobs are classified... Continue reading "Spanish Public Administration: Roles and Processes" »

Quality Concept

• Quality Product
• Quality of Service
• Quality of Care

Defining Quality

There may be different definitions:

• According to the dictionary
• According to UNE-EN-ISO 9000:2000
• Specialty-based: focus on technical, financial, or customer aspects
• The Organization for European-based Quality Control (EOQC)

A quality product or service represents the degree that covers the client's requirements which were used, and the result of quality design and quality of manufacture.

Top Quality

• Satisfaction of needs and customer expectations (consumers, users, members of the organization, shareholders, society, etc.)
• The least-cost associated, linked to an efficient use of resources
• The use of continuous improvement as a method
• The applicability to all processes and

Functions of Muscle Tissue

• Production of body movements
• Stabilization of posture
• Volume regulation of the body
• Movement of chemicals in the body
• Production of heat

Properties of Muscle Tissue

• Electrical excitability
• Contractility
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

Types of Muscle Tissue

There are three types of muscle tissue: striated skeletal, striated cardiac, and smooth.

• Striated skeletal muscle: Called skeletal because the function of these muscles is to move the bones; it often works on a voluntary basis.
• Heart muscle (myocardium): Is located in the heart and is part of its wall. Its movement is involuntary.
• Smooth muscle: Is part of the walls of blood vessels, airways, and some guts. Almost always, this type of muscle movement is involuntary.

Structure of Striated

Firefighting Foams Characteristics

• Fluency and Sealing: Ensures quick and effective surface coverage, preventing fuel vapor escape.
• Heat Resistance: Maintains cooling properties under mechanical stress and heat.
• Durability: Resists heat, flames, and wind; regenerates if surface cracks occur.
• Contamination Resistance: Maintains a uniform bubble structure when exposed to liquid fuels.
• Thickness: Holds enough water to withstand contact with hot surfaces of non-liquid or solid fuel.
• Oxygen Separation: Physically separates oxygen from the air above the ignited fuel surface.
• Heat Absorption: Absorbs heat from the fuel and adjacent solid surfaces.
• Radiation Prevention: Prevents heat transmission from flames via radiation.

Dry Columns: Function and Operation

A... Continue reading "Firefighting Foams, Dry Columns, and Fire Types" »

**Human Action: Features, Reason, and Societal Impact**

**Features of Human Action**

Human action is characterized by intelligence and the ability to imagine, organize, and realize desires, projects, plans, and illusions. It allows us to transcend the realm of necessity and recreate new worlds. Our actions always represent a symbolic character, hence the creative nature arises.

**Key Traits of Human Action**

• Intentionality: Aristotle understood intentionality as the way a subject acts, moving into the world as an external reality. According to him, there are two modes of directing oneself toward an object: the theoretical, which expresses the human will, and the practical, designed to meet human needs.
• Purpose: Means are defined for a purpose, presenting

Starting a Business in Chile: A Step-by-Step Guide

1. Time to Set Up a Company in Chile

The process may take more than 6 months, approximately 130 days.

2. Costs Associated with Starting a Business

Costs vary depending on the type of company, with a fixed value of approximately $550. Examples:

• Industrial Company: $1,350
• Food Company: $1,270

3. Limited Liability Company Procedures

An individual limited liability company is a legal entity with limited liability. The owner's personal assets are only liable to the extent of their capital contribution. The company is liable with all its possessions.

A company is an association of individuals or legal entities engaged in commercial activity, pursuing a profit or gain shared among partners based on their contribution.... Continue reading "Starting a Business in Chile: Key Steps and Considerations" »

MA 1

What Is a Company?

Companies are the foundation of our economic system. A company is an entity that integrates a set of items organized and operated to achieve a set of goals through the implementation of a particular economic activity.

All this must be addressed and organized by a figure known as the entrepreneur.

• Types of Companies: Depending on the size (small, medium, and large), scope (local, national, and multinational), or economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary).

Sole Trader: A person who conducts a business activity on their own.

Functions and Objectives of a Company

Features:

• Creation of value: New gadgets, mobile devices, etc.
• Social function: Companies provide the necessary income to live through wages paid to employees or the

Definition of Infectious Diseases

An infectious disease occurs when a parasite develops and multiplies within a host. The causal agent of transmissible diseases is usually a living organism that moves from one individual to another by contagion. The set of elements that define a communicable disease consists of:

• Reservoir: Where infectious agents are usually found.
• Source of Infection: Animate or inanimate object from which the causative agent originates.
• Mechanism of Transmission: The pathways that allow the causal agent of a transmissible disease to contact the host.
• Host: A person susceptible to contracting a communicable disease upon contact with the source of infection.

Samples arriving at the laboratory for the diagnosis of causative agents... Continue reading "Infectious Diseases: Definition, Transmission, and Diagnosis" »

Sound Fundamentals

Sound: A variation of air pressure, caused by a sound source, perceivable by the human ear.

Sound Features

• Speed of Propagation: How fast sound travels through a medium.
• Wavelength: The distance sound travels during one complete vibration cycle.
• Intensity: Determines the perceived loudness (scale of strong and weak sounds).

Acoustic Quantification

• Hearing Threshold: The minimum acoustic pressure level that causes an auditory sensation.
• Pain Threshold: The maximum sound pressure level the human ear can withstand without experiencing pain (typically around 120 dB).
• The Decibel (dB): A logarithmic unit measuring sound intensity, tailored to the non-linear perception of the human ear.

Sound Qualities

• Absorption & Reflection: When a