Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Visual arts

Audio Visual Q1: Color Theory

Color Description

• Chroma: How pure a hue is in relation to gray.
• Saturation: The degree of purity of a hue.
• Intensity: The lightness or dullness of a hue (adding black or white).
• Value: A measure of the amount of light reflected from a hue.
• Shade: Produced by the addition of black.
• Tint: Produced by the addition of white.

Color Systems

• Subtractive Color: Used when mixing colors with paint. Begins with white and ends with black (CMYK).
• Additive Color: Used on computers. Begins with black and ends with white (RGB).

The Color Wheel

• Primary Colors: The basic essence; these colors cannot be created by mixing others.
• Secondary Colors: Colors achieved by mixing two primary colors.
• Tertiary Colors: Achieved by mixing primary and secondary

The Point

A circle and a line are tangent if they intersect at exactly one point. Two circles are tangent if the line joining their centers is tangent to both. An oval is a closed curve formed by arcs of circles and symmetrical about two perpendicular axes. A ball is a closed curve composed of arcs symmetric about one axis.

Graphical Representation of the Point

Graphically, the point is the minimal footprint of a graphical tool. Geometrically, it is the intersection of two lines. The point can take several forms depending on the instrument used to create it: oval, star, round, polygonal, etc.

Sensory Perception of the Point

• Single Point: Located in the center of a bracket or blade, it creates a sense of order or balance. Located at one end, it creates

The Dihedral System and Orthogonal Projection

The Dihedral System is a method for representing an object by its orthogonal projections onto perpendicular planes.

Elements of the Dihedral System

• Projection Planes: These are perpendicular, typically consisting of a vertical plane and a horizontal plane.
• Ground Line (Land Line): The intersection between the vertical and horizontal planes.

Representation of Solids and Standard Views

The system facilitates the representation of solids using standard views (projections):

• Elevation (Front View)
• Ground (Plan View)
• Right Profile
• Left Profile
• Rear Elevation

Axonometric Projection Systems

Axonometric projection projects bodies from three-dimensional space onto a plane, often called the picture plane, providing a volumetric... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Technical Drawing and Projection Systems" »

The Fundamentals of Color and Its Application

The study of color encompasses its physical characteristics, how it is mixed, and how it is perceived.

Physical Characteristics of Light

Light is a form of energy, a range of electromagnetic radiation. It can be natural or artificial.

The rainbow is a physical phenomenon demonstrating that white light is composed of seven distinct colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Sir Isaac Newton discovered that white light, when passed through a prism, decomposes into these seven colors of the rainbow.

Light Color: Additive Synthesis

Light color mixing is known as additive synthesis. The three primary colors of light are Red, Green, and Blue (RGB). The mixture of these three produces white... Continue reading "Understanding Color: Light, Pigments, and Perception" »

Polygon

A polygon is a flat geometric figure bounded by a closed traverse that does not intersect itself.

Classifying Polygons

Polygons are basically classified into:

• Regular Polygons
• Irregular Polygons

Regular Polygons

A regular polygon has all sides of equal length and all its vertices lie on a circle. They are classified as:

• Equilateral Triangle: A regular polygon with 3 sides.
• Square: A 4-sided regular polygon.
• Regular Pentagon: A regular polygon with 5 sides.
• Regular Hexagon: A 6-sided regular polygon.
• Regular Heptagon: A regular 7-sided polygon.
• Regular Octagon: An 8-sided regular polygon, and so on.

Regular Polygon

Irregular Polygons

An irregular polygon has sides that are not of equal length and/or its vertices do not lie on a circle. According to... Continue reading "Understanding Polygons: Types, Properties, and Classifications" »

The Primary and Secondary Colors

• Color is an element of visual language.
• Basic colors, when mixed in different quantities and with the addition of black, can imitate reality.

Primary or Fundamental Colors

• These are colors that cannot be achieved by mixing any other colors.

Cyan Magenta Yellow

Secondary Colors or Binary

• Obtained by mixing two primary colors together.

Subtractive Mixture

• When all primary colors are mixed together, they produce a visual sensation close to black.

Color Wheel and Complementary Colors

• The color wheel is a pattern formed by a circular geometric figure, used to sort primary and secondary colors for easy visual comprehension.
• Complementary colors are those opposite each other on the color wheel, meaning they do not contain any

The Point: Foundation of Visual Form

Defining the Point

The point is the smallest element that can be drawn. Its form is considered indefinite when it is very small, as its shape is conceptually round.

Expressive Capacity of Points

The expressive capacity of the point is demonstrated when a set of points produces an effect of depth or volume. An example of this is concentration, where points grouped closely together can create a sense of density or focus.

Dimensional Capability of Points

The dimensional capability of the point also relates to how a set of points can create an effect of depth or volume. This can be achieved through techniques such as overlap, variations in size, and the use of color.

The Line: A Point in Motion

Understanding the Line

The... Continue reading "Visual Elements: Point, Line, Plane, & Texture in Art" »

Gallon Margarita Recipe

Ingredients

• 3 bottles of Tequila (a budget-friendly option like Sauza works well)
• 3/4 bottle of Triple Sec (orange liqueur)
• 1 liter of freshly squeezed lemon or lime juice
• 1 liter of orange juice
• 1 liter of simple syrup (pre-mixed or homemade)
• 4 liters of water

Gallon Daiquiri Recipe

Ingredients

• 3 bottles of white rum
• 1.5 liters of simple syrup
• 1.5 liters of freshly squeezed lemon or lime juice
• 4 liters of water

Piña Colada Recipe

Ingredients

• 2 scoops of coconut ice cream
• 1 part white rum
• Pineapple juice
• Crushed ice

Instructions

1. Combine all ingredients in a blender.
2. Blend until smooth and the ice is finely crushed.
3. Serve in a tulip glass.

Pisco Sour Recipe

Ingredients

• 1 egg white
• 1 shot of Pisco (e.g., Demonio de los Andes)
• Simple syrup (to taste)

Understanding Color: Rainbows, Light, and Pigments

A rainbow occurs when sunlight passes through raindrops, separating the light into seven colored lights.

Absorption conveys the feeling of color when light illuminates an object. The object's surface absorbs some of the light. This property is called the absorption of light.

Reflection is when light is not absorbed but rejected, changing direction and creating the sensation of color.

Color is the name for each color and describes the colors that comprise their mixture (e.g., yellow and green make yellow-green).

Value and Saturation

Value describes the degree of clarity or obscurity of a tone, i.e., the amount of white or black in the composition. For example, magenta can be light, dark, or very dark.... Continue reading "Understanding Color: Rainbows, Light, Pigments, and Saturation" »

Map Projection

A map projection is a system of ordered correspondence between points on the curved surface of the Earth and a flat surface. These points are located on a network of meridians and parallels, in the form of a mesh (creating a series of distortions). Good projections must have two characteristics: to retain the areas (equivalence) and retain angles (conformity). Depending on which point is considered the center of the map, it is distinguished between:

• Polar projection: The center is one of the poles.
• Equatorial projection: The center is the intersection between the Equator and a meridian.
• Oblique or slanted projection: The center is any other point.

Functions of the Projections

Conformal Projections

A map projection is conformal when... Continue reading "Map Projections: Types, Functions, and Uses in GIS with GPS" »