Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Visual arts

To select colors, simply click on the color button. This action opens a window displaying all available colors within the Color Palette Panel.

Applying Colors to Text

To change the color of text within your document, follow these steps:

1. Select the text or text block you wish to modify.
2. Click the Fill Color option in the Properties Inspector.
3. Choose a color from the color window that appears.

Managing Color Palettes

To access and work with the Color Palette, navigate to the Window menu, then select Others, and finally Color Palette.

Creating and Swapping Color Palettes

1. Select the Mixers tab from the Color Palette Panel .
2. Choose the four base colors for your document using the fill color boxes.
3. Utilize the HSB Color Wheel on the right side of the panel

Pastels: Origin and Evolution

Pastel sticks are soft bars of dried powder made from mixing pigment with very little binder, usually gum tragacanth. The paste formed is molded into bar-like shapes.

Features of Pastels

• Pastels are mainly characterized by their brightness. Because they contain very little binder, their colors are exceptionally vibrant.
• The finished pastel painting has a soft, matte appearance. The pigment is finely shredded and delicately embedded between the fibers and grains of the support.
• Precisely because the pigments are only lightly bound to the paper's grain, if permanent colors and good quality paper are used, pastels can be one of the most permanent painting techniques, especially when protected with glass framing.
• Fixative

Line Projections in Descriptive Geometry

Oblique Line Projections

For oblique line projections, both the horizontal projection (r1) and the vertical projection (r2) intersect at the reference line (LT).

Frontal Line Projections

A frontal line is straight and parallel to the Vertical Plane (PV). Its horizontal projection (r1) is always parallel to the reference line (LT).

Lines Parallel to the Reference Line (LT)

For lines parallel to the reference line (LT), both horizontal (r1) and vertical (r2) projections are parallel to the LT.

Vertical Line Projections

A vertical line is perpendicular to the Horizontal Plane (PH). Its vertical projection (r2) is perpendicular to the reference line (LT).

Edge View Projections (Perpendicular to PV)

When a straight... Continue reading "Principles of Orthographic Projections: Lines and Planes in Descriptive Geometry" »

Key Characteristics of Common Minerals

Mineral Identification Data Table

ABSTRACTION: A contemporary art movement that bases its aesthetic effect on pure color, pure form, and pure quality, with no figurative or imitative purpose of reality.
WATERCOLOR: Painting in which pigment is mixed with a water-soluble binder, usually gum arabic.
Still Life: A painting, usually of small size, that represents only inanimate objects: pieces of game, fruit baskets, flowers, pots, bread, and vegetables, etc.
CHIASCURO: A term that refers to the effects of light and shade in an artistic work, particularly when they are very contrasting.
LOCAL COLOR: Color without hue, defined in a very concrete manner.
Tone Color: The one that displays any of the variants in which sunlight breaks down or a mixture of two or more colors.
Primary

Early Christian Art Characteristics

Painting

Graffiti on the walls of the catacombs, primarily religious in nature.

Christian Iconography and Symbols

• The Good Shepherd
• Dove of Peace
• Peacock
• Lamb
• Christ the Redeemer
• The Ship (Church)
• The Anchor Fish (Ichthys)

Colors and Materials

Colors: Vivid, highlighted in decoration on roofs, domes, and walls.

Sculpture: Images usually represented: The Good Shepherd and Virgins.

Topics/Materials: Sarcophagi and funerary urns made of wood and marble.

Architecture

Construction of the Basilica, consisting of:

1. Atrium
2. Rectangular room

Byzantine Art

Architecture

1. Grandeur and scale.
2. Introduction of the dome on pendentives; pyramidal capitals.
3. Greek cross basilica plan.
4. Mosaic decoration (musuvaria).

Themes: Christian themes. Materials:

Types of Map Projections by Preserved Dimension

1. Equidistant Projections
These projections preserve distances along specific directions, typically along straight lines known as automecoic lines. Linear deformation occurs in other directions. The linear anamorphosis, calculated as the ratio of the projected distance to the true distance, equals 1 along automecoic lines. Equidistant projections are useful for measuring distances from a central point.
2. Conformal Projections
These projections preserve angles between intersecting curves and lines. The angular anamorphosis represents the difference between the angle on the sphere and the corresponding angle on the map. Conformal projections are commonly used for nautical charts, often employing parallel... Continue reading "Map Projections: Dimensions, Geometry, and Classifications" »

Donatello's David: A Renaissance Icon

Despite being a biblical character, Donatello's *David* is interpreted from a perspective consistent with the humanist view of the new times. David represents the triumph of logic and reason over the brute force symbolized by Goliath. This theme was highly favored in the Renaissance.

This is a freestanding sculpture, made in the round using bronze, and therefore created with the lost-wax casting technique. It represents a pensive teenager in a curious composition. He has Goliath's head at his feet and blatantly rests on his right leg, while curving his body to the left, smoothly forming an 'S' curve, in accordance with the classical model of Praxiteles.

The composition is in *contrapposto*. The body sways... Continue reading "Donatello's Masterpieces: David and Gattamelata Sculptures" »

Tangencies

Making Tangents

Two Circles

• External Tangents: Draw another circle concentric to the larger one with radius R - r. Join the centers. This is the bisector. Draw an auxiliary circle to the centers. Join the center with the points of intersection with the smaller circumference and extend. Where the lines intersect the larger circle will be the tangent points. Parallels are drawn to the smaller circle to find all points of contact.
• Internal Tangents: The process is the same, except that the circle is of radius R + r, and the parallels are drawn to the opposite side.

Tangent to a Circle Passing Through Point P

• If the tangent is to be external, a concentric circle of radius R + r is drawn. From P, an arc of radius R is drawn, which intersects

Elements of Visual Composition

Visual elements are fundamental components that help us represent shapes, compose designs, and create a sense of volume.

The Point in Art and Design

Characteristics of the Point

The point is often considered the simplest visual element, typically formed where two lines intersect. While often imagined as small and round, a point can have an irregular shape depending on the material used. Points can be employed to create a sense of chiaroscuro and depth.

Expressive Value of the Point

Its color and texture can also be altered within a composition to enhance expressiveness. In a composition, a point placed centrally conveys a sense of balance. Moving it away from the center, however, creates a feeling of movement and instability.... Continue reading "Understanding Fundamental Visual Elements in Design" »