Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Preparation of Naphthalene

Naphthalene is a fused-ring aromatic hydrocarbon with two benzene rings. It can be prepared via the following methods:

• From Coal Tar: Coal tar, a by-product of coal processing, is a major source of naphthalene. It is extracted and purified using distillation followed by crystallization.
• Synthesis from Benzene: Benzene undergoes a series of reactions to form naphthalene:
  • Alkylation: Benzene reacts with alkyl halides (like methyl chloride) to form methylbenzene (toluene).
  • Cyclization: Toluene undergoes further reaction with chlorine and heat to form naphthalene.

Preparation of Anthracene

Anthracene is a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is mainly obtained from coal tar but can also... Continue reading "Synthesis and Sources of Aromatic Hydrocarbons" »

Insect Defenses Against Predators

Three Plant Mechanisms to Defend Against Insects

• Physical: Thick walls
• Chemical: Phytochemicals that kill insects
• Entrapment: Pitcher plants

How Insects Overcome Physical Defenses

• Specialized mandibles
• Evolution
• Immunity to phytochemicals
• Specialization to survive the digestive liquid of pitcher plants

Insect Parasitism

Endoparasites

Approximately 20% of insect orders include endoparasites. Some orders that include endoparasites are:

• Hymenoptera
• Diptera
• Strepsiptera

Ectoparasites

Some orders that include ectoparasites are:

• Anoplura
• Mallophaga
• Siphonaptera

Three Challenges Faced by Endoparasites

• Respiration
• Excretion/getting rid of toxic nitrogenous waste without killing the host
• Avoiding the host's endocrine system

Insect Social Behavior

Subsocial

... Continue reading "Insect Biology: Adaptations, Behaviors, and Ecology" »

diga la naturalez ade lps medios alternativos de solucion de conflictos
son contrahegemonicos porque nacieron , en lo moderno en rusia para oponerse al poder opresor del estado
carasteristicas de los medios alternativos de solucion de conflictos
si son voluntarios , si son formales ,
la mediacion y la negociacion son informales
el arbitraje y la mediacion son formales
que limita al poder hegemonico de los gobiernos
lo alternativo o segunda opcion y posibilidad de resolver los problemas , sin la intervencion del poder opresor y hegemonico del estado
A YEGAR A UN ACUERDO


explique los principales procesos alternativos
transaccion o negociacion , mediacion, arbitraje y conciliacion
cricis que atraviesa ell poder judicial
el congestionamiento... Continue reading "Medios alternativos en la solucion de conficto" »

#useradd nombredeusuario :: para crear usuarios

#passwd :: nombredelusuario

#groupadd :: nombredelgrupo :: (forma normal)

#groupadd -g 600 nombredelgrupo :: (guid sobre 650)

#userdel nombredelusuario :: para deletear usuarios

#groupdelnombredelgrupo :: borrar el grupo

#usermod -G nombredelgrupo nombredeusuario :: para asignar usuario a grupo.

opcion 2: editar archivo /etc/group -> grupo:x:600:usuarioqueseagregara

#nano /etc/shadow :: para poder ver los usuarios y poder bloquearlos

#passwd -l nombredeusuario :: para bloquear usuario

#passwd -u nombredeusuario :: para desbloquear usuario

#sudo passwd :: para cambiar la contraseña de root

# tail /etc/passwd :: paraver informacion de usuarios

#su nombredelotrousuario :: para iniciar sesion como el usuario... Continue reading "Centos 5.5" »

1. Classifique as variáveis em qualitativa e quantitativa. () Cor preferida. () Índice de liquidez. () Sexo. e) qualitativa, quantitativa, qualitativa .
2. Classifique as variáveis quantitativas em contínuas (c) ou discretas (d).
( ) População: atletas Variável: altura ( ) P.: pacientes de um hospital Variável: pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. ( ) P.: bebês monitorados em uma UTI neonatal Variável: peso b) contínua, discreta, contínua.
3. Em uma escola de ensino médio, há 300 alunos divididos em 6…..b)36
4. São fases do método estatístico:
1. A apuração. 2. A coleta. 3. A crítica. 4. A definição do problema. 5. O planejamento.
Qual a ordem correta dessas fases? b. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1
5. Considere a série abaixo. Podemos

... Continue reading "Case" »

Opportunity Cost of Capital: Expected rate of return given up by investing in a project.
NPV: Present value of cash flows minus investments
Payback period: Time until cash flows recover the initial investment in the project.
IRR: Discount rate at which project NPV = 0
Profitability Index: Ratio of net present value to initial investment
Opportunity Cost: Benefit or cash flow as a result of an action
Net Working Capital: Current assets minus liabilities
Depreciation Tax Shield: Reduction in taxes attributable to depreciation
Operating Leverage: Degree to which costs are fixed
Market Index: Measure of the investment performance of the overall market
Maturity Premium: Extra avg. return from investing long vs. short- term treasury securities
Risk Premium:... Continue reading "Finan midterm" »

Bonding

Formal Charge: # Valence Electrons - (Nonbonding Electrons + 1/2 Bonding Electrons)

Gases

STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure (273 K or 0°C and 1 atm)

Ideal Gas Law

R = 0.0821 atm x L / (mol x K)

• Pressure (P): Always in atm
  • 760 mmHg = 1 atm
  • 760 Torr = 1 atm
  • 101,326 Pascal = 1 atm
• Temperature (T): Always in Kelvin
• # of Moles (n)
• Volume (V): Always in Liters

Boyle's Law

Occurs when T and n are constant.

Charles's Law

Occurs when P and n are constant.

Avogadro's Law

Occurs when P and T are constant.

Gay-Lussac's Law

Occurs when V and n are constant.

Combined Gas Law

n is constant.

Test

1. a) Valence Electrons for Na⁺ = 0
2. b) Which of the following does not have an octet around the central atom: BCl₃
3. d) A triple bond has a bond order of: 3
4. c) Least electronegative

... Continue reading "Chemical Bonding and Gas Laws: Formulas and Principles" »

Jurisdiction in the European Union

1. Relation with Other Legal Instruments

1.1 Other Specific EU Legal Instruments

Does not affect specific matters.

1.2 Brussels Convention

Superseded by the Brussels Regulation. References to the Convention should be to the Regulation.

1.3 International Conventions

Supersedes existing treaties, but treaties retain validity where not superseded. The Brussels Regulation (Regulation 44/2001) does not affect specific treaties. The Regulation shall not affect treaties prior to its entry into force.

2. Scope of Application

2.1 Time

March 2002

2.2 Geographical Scope

All EU members except Denmark (Denmark joined in 2005).

2.3 Material Scope

Civil and commercial matters (excluding revenue, customs, and administrative matters). Does... Continue reading "Jurisdiction in the European Union: A Comprehensive Summary" »

The Victorian Age

Social and Historical Context

The Victorian age covers a wide period and was very productive, literarily speaking. We find the so-called professional writing: writers devoted their lives to writing. Literature became a profession. It constituted an outstanding moment for the development of non-fictional works. Poetry was cultivated, but the novel was the preferred genre.

Queen Victoria ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901. She brought important political and economic development to her country. It was the age of Colonialism, and a new philosophy was introduced. We are speaking about expansion and development. Queen Victoria was very young when she became queen. She was born in 1819 and died in 1901. She was in her teens when she became... Continue reading "Victorian Era: Society, Politics, and Poetry" »

Probation Officer

Investigation and Supervision

Jeremy Bentham

The Panopticon (New Type of Prison Layout)

Anomie/Strain Theory

Excessive Materialism as a Limited Means to Success

Quakers

Hard labor. 13th Amendment -> Section 1 allows prison slavery.

Prisoner vs. prisoner violence: rate of 28 per 1000

50 state systems (92% of all facilities) + federal, private (8%)

Main goal of corrections: to protect the public

(United States) Prison population: 25%

60% on probation in the US system

Intensive supervision, $70 billion, official immunity, absconding --> reasons for probation revocation

School of Thought: Cause and Effect

Positivists, labeling theory --> Stigmatization

Michael Walker

Prison in California, stayed 165 days (6 months), contemporary pain... Continue reading "The American Prison System: History, Theories, and Challenges" »