Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Understanding Plague: Causes, Forms, and Treatment

The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the systemic invasive infectious disease known as plague.

Historical Impact of Yersinia pestis

• Yersinia pestis has been responsible for three devastating pandemics: the Justinian Plague, the Black Death, and modern plague.
• The Black Death, in the 14th century, is estimated to have reduced the total world population from 450 million down to 350–375 million.

Transmission and Symptoms

Yersinia pestis is primarily a rodent pathogen, with humans being an accidental host. Infection typically occurs when a human is bitten by an infected rat flea. The flea draws viable Y. pestis organisms into its intestinal tract, where they multiply.... Continue reading "Plague Disease: Causes, Forms, Symptoms, and Treatment" »

Understanding Cnidarians: Phylum Characteristics

The phylum Cnidaria represents one of the more primitive animal phyla. It encompasses diverse aquatic organisms such as jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and hydras. While most cnidarians are marine, a few species, like the familiar hydra, inhabit freshwater environments.

A defining characteristic of all cnidarians is their **radially symmetric body plan**, a contrast to the bilaterally symmetric body plans found in most other animal phyla. Though more advanced than sponges (Phylum Porifera) due to their distinct tissue layers, cnidarians lack many features of more complex animal phyla, such as true internal organs and central nervous systems. Most cnidarians possess tentacles, and many also feature... Continue reading "Marine Life Essentials: Cnidarians, Coral Symbiosis, and Reef Types" »

Compensation

Rewards earned by employees in return for their labor

Direct Financial Compensation

Consisting of pay received in the form of wages, salaries, bonuses, and commissions provided at regular and consistent intervals

Indirect Financial Compensation

Including all financial rewards that are not included in direct compensation and understood to form part of the social contract between the employer and employee such as benefits, leaves, retirement plans, education, and employee services

Equity Theory

States that a person’s motivation is in proportion to the perceived fairness of the rewards he or she receives for the amount of effort he or she exerts, and that this is also compared with what others receive. According to the theory, individuals

Trade Diversion and Creation

Trade diversion: A shift in the pattern of trade from low-cost world producers to higher-cost CU or FTA members.

-e: trade diversion

Trade creation: An expansion in world trade that results from the formation of a preferential trade arrangement.

B+d: trade creation

Rules of Origin in Regional Economic Integration

Define rules of origin and which form of regional economic integration requires them.

Rules of origin are required in Free Trade Areas to avoid trade deflection and prevent export companies from outside the FTA from benefiting unfairly. These rules are the criteria established to determine the national source of a product. They are important because duties and restrictions often depend upon the source of imports.... Continue reading "Understanding Trade Agreements: Creation, Diversion, and Types" »

Address the least developed countries' special needs:

• Tariff- and quota-free access for their exports
• Enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries
• Cancellation of official bilateral debt

Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing states.

Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt problems.

Develop decent and productive work for youth.

In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

Activity: Global Public Good

i. Choosing one global public good. Argue why it should be considered as a global public good.

- Author defines global public good as a good, service, or resource that is available for all because it involves non-rivalry and non-excludability.... Continue reading "Developing a Global Partnership for Development: Addressing Special Needs and Debt Problems" »

The Spanish Constitution

The Spanish Constitution represents the highest law in Spain, situated at the top of the legal system pyramid. It comprises the rules governing the basic institutions of the country, the territorial division (Autonomous Communities, State, and Local entities), and the rights and liberties of the people.

To create a new law or approve international treaties, changes to the Constitution are necessary.

Hierarchy of Spanish Law

Constitution - International Treaties - Organic Acts - General Acts - Decrees issued by the Government.

The two main types of law are Organic Acts and General Acts.

The Three Branches of Power

There are three branches of power: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive.

Organic Law

Organic Laws relate to the development... Continue reading "Understanding the Spanish Legal System: Constitution & Laws" »

Fixed-function Circuits

Fixed-function circuits. They are manufactured to implement a specified logic function that cannot be altered.

Programmable Logic

Programmable logic uses devices which are manufactured to be programmed and implement different logic functions (they are alterable).

SPLD, CPLD, FPGA

SPLD — Simple Programmable Logic Device. CPLD — Complex Programmable Logic Device. FPGA — Field Programmable Gate Array.

Common Programmable Array Combinations

• PROM / RAM (Programmable Read Only Memory / Random Access Memory) — also known as a LUT (look-up table).
• Fixed AND array and programmable OR array — FPLA / PLA (Fully Programmable Logic Array / Programmable Logic Array). Both arrays, AND and OR, are programmable.

Programming Links and

Write your text here!Bernoulli's theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar.

What was life like for children among the Puritans?

What was expected of them and what kinds of things were they banned from doing? How were they disciplined for misbehavior?

They had to follow the same strict code as adults, such as doing chores, attending church services, and repressing individual differences. They weren’t allowed to show any form of emotion and stay ignorant. The punishment would be physical, such as whipping.

What factors contributed to the instability of life in Salem Village?

Salem is a community on the outskirts (in the wilderness), just hanging on. Woods could conceal Indians or the Devil himself. Their charter was revoked, rigid religious practices, belief in predestination, misogyny, gossip, land disputes, and resentment... Continue reading "Puritans, Salem, and the New World: Beliefs and Conflicts" »

Auto or Self Antigens

Antigens present in one's own cells.

Altered by the action of bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or drugs as a non-self.

Auto antibody

Altered cell (Auto Ag) - elicits the production of Antibody.

Autoimmunity (misnomer, alternative = auto allergy)

Immune response of auto Ab against self Ag.

Humoral or cell-mediated immune response against the constituents of the body's own tissues.

There are more than 80 different kinds of diseases caused by autoimmunity.

Causes of Autoimmune Diseases

Sequestered or Hidden antigens

Ag in the secluded places - are not accessible to the immune system.

Neo antigens

Altered or Modified Antigens – by physical (irradiation), chemical (drugs), or microbial agents (intracellular viruses).

Cessation of Tolerance

It... Continue reading "Auto or Self Antigens: Causes and Effects of Autoimmunity" »