Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia (12th Century)

• Centralized scheme floorplan
• Based on Dome of the Rock & Holy Sepulchre
• Central edicule
• Three apses head
• Quadrilateral bell tower
• Twelve-sided plan
• Two floors
• Buttresses
• Ribbed vault & Caliphal dome

Holy Sepulchre, Torres del Rio, Navarra (12th Century)

• C Templarios
• Octagonal plan
• Tower to get to the lantern
• Mudejar precedents
• Arabic star-shaped dome
• Apse in East
• Archivolts
• Parallel ribs
• Stone dome
• Pointed/midpoint arches

Templarios de Eunate Church, Navarra (12th Century)

• External cloister enclosing the Church
• East apse
• Tower with spiral stairs
• Ribs in dome pass through center
• Octagonal plan
• Dome starts in columns
• Midpoint arch

Cathedrals of St. James (11th Century)

• Central nave with barrel vaults
• Arches and transversal

Cisco Router and Switch Configuration

PPP Authentication

1. User Configuration (Matching Passwords on Both Routers)

router(config)# username <hostname_remote_router> password <password>

2. Interface Encapsulation Change

router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

3.1 Enabling PAP Authentication

router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
router(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
router(config-if)# ppp pap sent-username <local_username> password <password>

3.2 Enabling CHAP Authentication

router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
router(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

DHCP Scope Configuration

router(config)# ip dhcp pool <POOL_NAME>
router(config-dhcp)# network <NETWORK_ADDRESS> <NETMASK>
router(config-dhcp)# default-router <GATEWAY_

Defining the Security Dilemma

The Security Dilemma is a situation where the increase in one state’s security (e.g., military strength) leads other states to fear for their own security. Consequently, it can lead to an escalation of tension (war/conflict) involving one or more parties, producing an outcome which no party truly desires.

Butterfield: Fear as the Ultimate Source

Herbert Butterfield argued that “the greatest war of history can be produced without the intervention of criminals; it could be produced between two powers.” He mentioned several propositions:

• The ultimate source is fear leading states to protect themselves, deriving from the “universal sin of humanity.”
• It requires uncertainty over others' intentions.
• Its origin is

Formal Letter

Dear Sir or Madam/Dear Julian/Dear Mr. or Mrs. X/To whom it may concern,

I hope this email finds you well. My name is Juan, and I am writing with regard to “EL TEMA.”

First of all, I would be grateful if you could…

Secondly, I would also like to. Would it be possible…?

I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you in advance for your assistance.

In addition, I would be grateful if you could provide further details about...

It is worth mentioning that...

Thank you for your attention. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully/Kind regards/Best regards/Yours Sincerely, Juan Infiesta.

Review

Title: [Name of the book/film…] – Worth it or not?

If you’re looking for [something related to the topic], then [name] might be... Continue reading "Mastering English Writing: Formal Letters, Reviews, Essays" »

Steady State in the Solow Growth Model

In the Solow growth model, the steady state refers to a long-run equilibrium where key economic variables (such as capital per worker, output per worker, and consumption per worker) do not change over time. This occurs when the economy reaches a point where the capital stock per worker, k, is constant because investment (savings) equals depreciation, and no additional net investment is happening.

The IS Relation and Goods Market Equilibrium

The IS relation (or IS curve) represents the relationship between the interest rate (r) and the level of output (Y) that ensures equilibrium in the goods market. It reflects the combinations of interest rates and output levels at which the total demand for goods equals... Continue reading "Macroeconomic Concepts: IS-LM, Solow Model, Natural Rates" »

Chapter 1: Research and Innovation in Education

1.1 What is Research?

Research is a systematic process of solving questions and seeking knowledge that has its own rules, that is, a method.

The Goal in Education

It is directed to the search for new knowledge that is useful for the explanation and/or understanding of educational phenomena that affect processes and results.

Valid + Reliable = Knowledge

What is the Difference Between Validity and Reliability?

Reliability of a Source

For knowledge to be scientific, it must be true for everyone, and this is achieved with reliable sources. The lack of reliability generates inaccurate results and affects the content, making it impossible to know if the information obtained is really what we were looking for.... Continue reading "Educational Research and Innovation: Methods and Practices" »

1. Definition and Importance of Strategy

• Definition: Strategy is a firm’s theory on how to gain a competitive advantage by creating value that differentiates them from competitors.
• Importance for Small Businesses:
  • Enables navigation in competitive markets.
  • Encourages innovation and long-term growth.
  • Helps achieve profitability and economic diversification.
• Example:
  Eisner's Strategy: Focused on extraordinary entertainment to attract premium-paying customers.

2. Strategic Management Process

The strategic management process is a systematic approach to achieve organizational goals.
Key Steps:

1. External and Internal Analysis:
   • External: Identify opportunities and threats (e.g., social trends, technology, and demographics).
   • Internal: Assess strengths and weaknesses

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Write an interpretation of r^2 using the template in the Activity 2.1 Readings. We will do this one as a class.

Template: The proportion of the variation in the Y variable that is explained by the SLR model with the X variable is r^2.

For slope : Template: As x var increases by 1 unit, we predict y var  will increase/dec  by ____  y var units.

For y-intercept: When x var = 0 units, we predict that the y var  will be ____ units..

For SLR: Error = epsilon = y - yhat = y - (betahat0 + betahat1x)

SSE = residual1^2 + res. 2^2 +…+ res.  n^2

Standard error of regression = Root MSE (in SAS language)

The text lists six conditions for simple linear... Continue reading "Understanding Simple Linear Regression: R-squared, Slope, and Conditions" »

Exercise 1

a) Adaptation

• Product:
  • Pro: Greater local acceptance.
  • Con: Increased production costs.
• Placement:
  • Pro: Improved accessibility.
  • Con: Logistical complexity.
• Price:
  • Pro: Enhanced local competitiveness.
  • Con: Inconsistent brand perception.
• Promotion:
  • Pro: Greater cultural relevance.
  • Con: Higher marketing campaign costs.

b) Standardization

• Product:
  • Pro: Economies of scale.
  • Con: Less adaptation to local tastes.
• Placement:
  • Pro: Logistical simplification.
  • Con: Less market coverage.
• Price:
  • Pro: Brand consistency.
  • Con: Less competitive in some markets.
• Promotion:
  • Pro: More cost-effective global campaigns.
  • Con: Less cultural effectiveness.

c) Suggested Decision

I would recommend a hybrid strategy, adapting key aspects (like flavor and promotion) to local markets while... Continue reading "Adaptation vs. Standardization in Marketing" »