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Principles of Economics: A Comprehensive Guide

Classified in Economy

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Principles of Economics

Scarcity and Economics

Scarcity refers to the limited nature of society's resources. Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.

How People Make Decisions

1. People Face Tradeoffs

Every decision involves tradeoffs. A significant tradeoff society faces is between:

  • Efficiency: When society gets the most from its scarce resources.
  • Equality: When prosperity is distributed uniformly among society's members.

Tradeoff Example: To achieve greater equality, income could be redistributed from the wealthy to the poor. However, this can reduce the incentive to work and produce, shrinking the overall economy.

2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It

Decision-making requires comparing the costs and benefits... Continue reading "Principles of Economics: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Negotiation Strategies: Interests, Options, and Tactics

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written on in English with a size of 3 KB

Negotiation Strategies: A Comprehensive Overview

Understanding Your Interests

  • Your Interests: List them. What would be a great deal for you? Why do you want these things? What is the relative value of the different issues for you?
  • Options: What are the range of options you have on each interest?

Alternatives and Communication

  • Your Alternatives: What happens for you if there is no deal? What is your BATNA (Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement)? What is the worst possible deal you would still accept?
  • Your Communication: What will you ask/what will you convey? What information do you need to get? What questions should you ask to test them? What facts can you use to convince? How to best frame them? What tough questions are they likely to ask?
... Continue reading "Negotiation Strategies: Interests, Options, and Tactics" »

Probability and Set Theory: Key Concepts and Formulas

Classified in Mathematics

Written on in English with a size of 621.25 KB

De Morgan's Law

De Morgan's Law: (Flip if the union is true)

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, image of set: [min, max]; one-to-one: horizontal line test; Onto: Image must equal domain; Bijective: one-to-one and Onto


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Possible Outcomes and Probability Calculations

  • Repetition formula: nk
    • Example: 5 awards (k) and 30 students (n), with no limit to awards per student.
  • Permutation formula: P(n, k) = n! / (n - k)!
    • Example: Each student gets 1 award, so the number of students decreases by one each award.
  • No overlap probability: P(n, k) / repetition formula
  • Arrangements: a = slots → a! can be multiplied by arrangements within slots
  • Die sum probability:
    • List combinations that lead to the sum for each die.
    • If a die is rolled multiple times, each combination has (rolls)! permutations.
    • Add
... Continue reading "Probability and Set Theory: Key Concepts and Formulas" »

Biomarkers and Therapies for Diabetes Insipidus and Kidney Stones

Classified in Medicine & Health

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Understanding Diabetes Insipidus and Renal Calculi

1. What is a Clinical Biomarker? Name Biomarkers Used to Diagnose DI & Renal Calculi.

A clinical biomarker is a measurable indicator of a biological state or condition.

For Diabetes Insipidus (DI):

  • Serum sodium
  • Osmolality
  • ADH levels
  • Urine osmolality

For Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones):

  • Serum calcium
  • Uric acid
  • Oxalate levels
  • Urine pH

2. What Does a Low Level of ADH Indicate?

A low level of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) indicates Diabetes Insipidus (DI) or pituitary gland dysfunction.

3. Explain the Role of Vasopressin in DI.

Vasopressin regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. In DI, either vasopressin is deficient (central DI) or the kidneys do not respond to it (nephrogenic DI).

4. Explain the Role of Vasopressin

... Continue reading "Biomarkers and Therapies for Diabetes Insipidus and Kidney Stones" »

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller: Understanding the Key Differences

Classified in Computers

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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

ii) Differentiate Between a Microprocessor and a Micro-Controller

Microprocessor

Definition:

A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip that performs the processing functions of a computer.

Functionality:
  • It only includes the CPU core and lacks other components like memory, I/O ports, timers, and other peripherals.
  • Requires external components like memory (RAM, ROM), input/output devices, timers, and other peripherals to function as a complete system.
Usage:
  • Primarily used in systems requiring high computational power and flexibility, such as desktop computers, laptops, servers, and high-end embedded systems.
  • Suited for applications where customization of peripherals
... Continue reading "Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller: Understanding the Key Differences" »

Human Evolution: A Journey Through Time

Classified in Medicine & Health

Written on in English with a size of 198.35 KB

SpeciesTime Period (mya)Cranial Capacity (cc)Geographic DistributionKey Features and Notes
Homo habilis2.4-1.4 (2.8)>600Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), Turkana/Baringo Basin (Kenya), Omo/Hadar (Ethiopia), Sterkfontein/Swartkrans (South Africa)Type: OH 7, KNM-ER 1813. Primitive limb proportions, small, dark supraorbital torus and sulcus, almost orthognathic, small parabolic maxilla, small zygomatics, small teeth. Primitive postcrania, long arms and short legs, slightly curved phalanges. Generally smaller morph.
Homo rudolfensis2.0-1.8750Turkana (Kenya), Omo (Ethiopia)Lectotype: KNM-ER 1470. Flatter, wider face, larger teeth, no sulcus, small supraorbital torus. More derived postcrania. Generally larger morph.
Homo erectus1.9-0.41000+Africa, China,
... Continue reading "Human Evolution: A Journey Through Time" »

Renaissance Architecture: Alberti, Bramante & Key Works

Classified in Physics

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Santa Maria degli Angeli (Florence)

(Demolished after 3 years)

  • Blended integration and relation of elements.
  • Centralized floorplan: Representing an aesthetic ideal and an expression of the order of the universe – absolute symmetry.
  • Surrounded by a world of well-proportioned beauty.
  • Relation with Villa Rotonda; centralized building as a key urban form.

Michelozzo: Palazzo Medici (Florence)

  • An urban palace where the facade is an important aspect.
  • The wall treatment softens and smooths in the upper levels, representing the wealth of the Medici family.
  • Exterior conveys solemnity, giving higher status to the city as well.
  • Features a very heavy cornice at the top.

Leon Battista Alberti: Theory and Practice

  • Had extensive contact with Florentine Humanists; friend
... Continue reading "Renaissance Architecture: Alberti, Bramante & Key Works" »

LEGv8 Architecture and Assembly Language: Key Concepts

Classified in Computers

Written on in English with a size of 239.58 KB

Performance Metrics

  • Elapsed Time: Represents overall system performance. It is the total time taken to complete a task.
  • User CPU Time: Indicates CPU performance. It is the time the task actively runs on the CPU, excluding idle time.
  • CPU Time: The time the CPU spends executing instructions, either from the task or the operating system, excluding idle time.
  • Clock Speed: 1 MHz equals 1 million clock cycles per second. 1 GHz equals 1 billion clock cycles per second.
  • Response Time: Equivalent to execution time.
  • Throughput: Equivalent to bandwidth.
  • Performance Comparison: (PerfA) / (PerfB) = (ExecTimeB) / (ExecTimeA) = n

Impact of Processor Upgrades

  • Replacing a processor with a faster one decreases response time and increases throughput.
  • Adding an additional
... Continue reading "LEGv8 Architecture and Assembly Language: Key Concepts" »

Early Hominid and Homo Evolution: A Deep Dive

Classified in Philosophy and ethics

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Early Hominid Origins and Evolution

Definition of Hominid

  • Bipedal: Walking on two feet.
  • Non-honing Dentition: While humans have non-honing chewing, primates such as gorillas have a honing complex, in which their very large canines cut food. The upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars.

Skeletal Evidence for Bipedalism

Foramen magnum, pelvis, knees, feet: seven steps, position of the foramen magnum, shape of the spine, shape of the pelvis, length of the leg, valgus knee, longitudinal foot arch, opposable big toe.

Behavioral Advantages of Bipedalism

This helps to identify what species they were because not many can be bipedal.

Pre-Australopithecines (7-5 mya)

Example: "Ardi"

They have provided critically important information about... Continue reading "Early Hominid and Homo Evolution: A Deep Dive" »

Kerlinger Chapter 1: science and scientific methodology.

Classified in Philosophy and ethics

Written on in English with a size of 38.41 KB

Scientific knowledge (Overview and Basic Concepts)

Common sense knowledge is important, is generalized. Scientific knowledge has many steps that must be applied to determine if the hypothesis is true or situción. Do not generalize from one case.

Knowing is an intellectual process by which a relationship between the knower (actor) and the known object (reality).

There are glances of psychology:

1) Positivists: You must show, watch for it to be valid, measure, quantify, and so on. (It is science based on evidence).

a) Post-positivist Probalan is added, it may be or not. Deductive (general to particular).

2) Phenomenology: Is the experience, emotions, phenomena. Study what is not necessarily observable. Inductive method (particular to general)

... Continue reading "Kerlinger Chapter 1: science and scientific methodology." »