Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Modal Verbs

1. Ability

• Present: Can/Can't (e.g., I can speak 3 languages)
• Past: Could/Couldn't (e.g., I could play tennis when I was ten)

2. Advice

Should/Shouldn't (e.g., You should go to the doctor)

3. Obligation

• Have to (has, had...): The obligation does not come from the subject. (e.g., She has to do it)
• Must: The obligation comes from the subject. (e.g., You must study)

4. Lack of Obligation

Don't have to/Doesn't have to (e.g., You don't have to come, it's not necessary.)

5. Prohibition

Mustn't

• You mustn't exceed the speed limit when you drive.
• You mustn't insult your classmates.

6. Certainty

• If I am sure it is true: Must (e.g., He must be rich)
• If I am sure it is not true: Can't (e.g., He can't be your teacher, he's 19)
• If I am not sure it

Features of MRTA

In the best cases, RTAs can serve as catalysts of deeper trade liberalization, focal points of inter-state cooperation, incubators of new WTO+1 trade rules, drivers of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and testing grounds for mechanisms to adjust to a more open trading environment.

Challenges of NAFTA

First, the business of shipping goods across borders needs an overhaul. Crossing from Mexico to the United States, waiting times are far too long; much of the infrastructure is antiquated; railway and haulage crews still change over at the border. Measures to allow the pre-clearance of goods before they reach the frontier are held up by America’s needless insistence that its customs agents should be allowed to carry guns, against... Continue reading "NAFTA: Benefits, Challenges, and the Gravity Model" »

Verb Tenses

PASSIVE (3 columns): Delivers- is/are delivered. Delivered- were/was delivered. Will deliver- will be delivered. Is/are delivering-is/are being delivered. Was/were delivered-Was/were being delivered. Is going to deliver-is/are going to be delivered. Has/have delivered-have/has been delivered. Had delivered-had been delivered. Has to deliver-have to be delivered. Must deliver- must be delivered. +BY Y LA PERSONA +FOR TOMORROW (EL TIEMPO VA EL ULTIMO) Causatives: HAVE/GET +OBJECT+PAST PARTICIPLE (Sheila had her hair dyed or SUBJECT+HAVE+PERSON+INFINITIVE. REPORTED: Stays-stayed. Is staying- was staying. Stayed-had stayed. Was staying-had been staying. Has stayed-Had stayed. Has been staying-Had been staying. Had stayed- had stayed.... Continue reading "English Grammar Rules and Examples for Beginners" »

How the principles & mission of NATO changed since 1949. Illustrate its 2010.

NATO was created in 1945 during the Cold War as a military alliance of countries from the EU and North America. It is currently the most highly organized security organization with 28 member countries, and its purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.

After 1991, the main goal became to create democracies and a community of values by contributing to overall Euro-Atlantic security. On a political dimension, NATO promotes democratic values, encourages consultation and cooperation on defense and security issues. On the military level, if diplomatic efforts fail, the organization has the military capacity to... Continue reading "Evolution of NATO: From Cold War Alliance to 21st Century Security Organization" »

Gravity Method

The weight of any body depends on the force of gravity at that location.

The force of gravity varies with elevation, rock density, latitude, and topography.

When a mass is suspended from a spring, the amount of spring stretching is proportional to the force of gravity.

F=m.g

Where:

• g: Acceleration of gravity.

Since mass is constant, then stretch variations determine the variations in the acceleration of gravity (g).

A gravimeter is an instrument used to measure (g) at stations. The readings are corrected for elevation, latitude, and topography. The normal value of (g) is subtracted from the corrected readings to compute the residual gravity.

The values of residual gravity are plotted at the measuring stations to produce a contour map... Continue reading "Gravity, Magnetic, and Seismic Geophysical Methods" »

10LayerModelSecurity,10Security policies and mandates.9,Oversight of end-to-end processes to ensure compliance with enterprise security policies. Audit trails for the threads.8Security roles and responsibilities. Standard security practices as they relate to activities and exchanges. Security Architecture. Personnel security requirements. 3.10. Management7Application service security (e.g., integrity of the service and application code) and content security (e.g., security labels). Security of user access to IT. Privilege management. 6Framework service security (e.g., integrity of the service and application code of the framework). Content security labeling service and label checking service. Software-based content encryption/decryption services... Continue reading "Layered Security Model and IT Infrastructure Best Practices" »

MNE Organizational Design Decisions

The Multinational Enterprise (MNE) organizational design decision:

• Considers differentiation and integration, and the proper balance between them. This balance is rooted in the diverse requirements and circumstances of different locals and business units.
• The need for integration comes from the managerial perspective to maintain overall coordination and control, ensuring strategy implementation.

Global Product Structure

Advantages

• Global vision
• Resource leverage
• Strategic focus
• Simplicity
• Accountability
• Standard product introductions
• Enhanced speed and decision quality
• Self-contained product development and introduction
• Development of talent
• Low interference from other divisions

Disadvantages

• Limited cooperation, communication,

Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility

Philanthropic (Good Citizen)

Ethical (Be Ethical, Right from Wrong)

Legal (Obey the Law)

Economic (Be Profitable)

5 Barriers to Sustainable Consumer Behavior

• Lack of Awareness & Knowledge
• Negative Perceptions
• Distrust
• High Prices
• Low Availability

Measuring Brand Equity

Contributes to positive perceptions of product quality

Qualitative (Free Association/Projective Techniques)

Quantitative (Brand Recognition Research/Brand Recall)

4 Dimensions of BrandAsset Valuator

Differentiation (Brand's Point of Difference)

Relevance (Brand Relates to You)

Esteem (How Well Regarded the Brand Is)

Knowledge (Understanding of the Brand)

Role of Social Media in Branding

• Brand Advocates/Sharing Info/Seeing Discounts/Customer Services
• Allows

Steroid Hormones

Steroid hormones are a type of hormone consisting of four rings made of carbon atoms. They are derived from cholesterol and have three primary modes of action:

• Binding to membrane receptors
• Binding to and activating proteins in the cytoplasm
• Acting on receptors linked to chromosomes

Sex Hormones

Gonadal steroid hormones are produced by the gonads, which include the ovaries and testes. These hormones include:

• Androgens (e.g., testosterone, dihydrotestosterone)
• Estrogens
• Progesterone

It is important to note that gonads can produce both types of hormones, with the aromatase enzyme mediating conversions between them.

Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones

Organizing effects refer to the hormonal effects on the brain and genitals that occur during... Continue reading "Steroid and Sex Hormones: Organizing and Activating Effects" »