Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Job Analysis

Job analysis is the systematic process of determining the skills, duties, and knowledge required for performing jobs in an organization.

A job consists of a group of tasks that must be performed for an organization to achieve its goals. A position is the collection of tasks and responsibilities performed by one person;

Job analysis is performed on three occasions: (1) when the organization is founded and a job analysis program is initiated for the first time; (2) when new jobs are created; and (3) when jobs are changed significantly as a result of new technologies, methods, procedures, or systems.

The Job Description

The job description is a document that provides information regarding the essential tasks, duties, and responsibilities... Continue reading "Understanding Job Analysis and Job Descriptions" »

Human Resource Management in Small Businesses

The Small Business Administration (SBA) defines a small business as one that is independently owned and operated.

Country Culture in Global Business

A country's culture is the set of values, symbols, beliefs, languages, and norms that guide human behavior within that country.

The Strategic Planning Process

Corporate Mission

A company's mission is its continuing purpose or reason for being. The corporate mission is the sum total of the organization’s ongoing purpose.

Objective Setting

Objectives are the desired end results of any activity. Objectives should have four basic characteristics:

1. They should be expressed in writing.
2. They should be measurable.
3. They should be specific as to time.
4. They should be challenging

Human Resource Management (HRM)

Core Functions of HRM

Staffing

The staffing process ensures an organization has the right number of employees with the appropriate skills in the right jobs at the right time. It involves:

• Job analysis: Determining the skills, duties, and knowledge required for jobs.
• Human resource planning
• Recruitment: Attracting qualified candidates.
• Selection: Choosing the best candidate for the position.

Performance Management

Performance management is a goal-oriented process that maximizes employee, team, and organizational productivity.

Human Resource Development

This function encompasses:

• Training and development
• Career planning and development
• Organization development
• Performance management and appraisal

Compensation

Compensation provides... Continue reading "Human Resource Management: Essential Functions and Practices" »

What is Communication?

Communication involves exchanging messages to generate meanings.

Key Communication Concepts

Nonverbal Communication

• Body Orientation: How your body is positioned during nonverbal communication.
• Proxemics: The study of how space and distance impact communication (studied in 1969).
• Paralanguage: The way a message is spoken, including tone, pitch, and volume.
• Haptics: The study of touch as a form of communication.
• Emojis: Graphic icons that can illustrate emotions in digital communication.

Listening Skills

• Advising: Offering guidance or solutions, often considered the opposite of active listening.
• Paraphrasing: Restating a message in your own words to ensure understanding.
• Silent Listening: Paying attention and demonstrating engagement

Spanish Tax System

Income Tax

• Taxable Event: Worldwide income obtained by Individuals
• Taxpayer: Spain Resident Individuals
• Accrual: December 31

Corporation Tax

• Taxable Event: Worldwide income obtained by Companies
• Taxpayer: Spain Resident Companies
• Accrual: Last day of Tax Year

Non-Resident Income Tax

• Taxable Event: Income obtained in Spain by Non-Resident Individuals or Companies
• Taxpayer: Non-Resident Individuals or Companies
• Accrual: Depends on whether or not operations are carried on through a PE in Spain.

Wealth Tax

• Taxable Event: Worldwide assets owned by Individuals
• Taxpayer: The owner (Spain Resident Individuals)
• Accrual: December 31

Gift and Inheritance Tax

• Taxable Event:
  • Gift Tax: Acquisition inter vivos
  • Inheritance Tax: Acquisition mortis causa
  • Life

Cardiac and Respiratory Assessment Findings

Dizziness and Cardiac Conduction Issues

The blackouts do not seem to have had any relationship to posture. They have been a mixture of dizziness and loss of consciousness. The one witnessed episode seems to have been associated with loss of color. This suggests a loss of cardiac output, usually associated with an arrhythmia. This may be the case despite the absence of any other cardiac symptoms. There may be an obvious flushing of the skin as cardiac output and blood flow return.

The normal ECG and chest X-ray when the patient attended hospital after an episode do not rule out an intermittent conduction problem. On this occasion, the symptoms have remained in a more minor form. The ECG shows third-degree... Continue reading "Clinical Assessment of Complete Heart Block and Asthma Diagnosis" »

Official Protocol: Set of Norms

Social: Agreements that with time become universally used and accepted.

Business: Set of Conduct Agreements

Etiquette: Set of norms that have been created to facilitate our coexistence.

• Internal: Communication codes between employees
• External: Communication and behavior with third parties

Behavior of an Executive

• Set the rules
• Value their team
• Guide an organization internal conduct and its relationships with its customers, partners, and shareholders.

Introduction Rules: 12 Golden Rules

1. Respect hierarchy
2. Loyalty
3. Time management
4. Become part of the team with an open, flexible, collaborative attitude
5. Know how to follow leadership directions

Business Travel

• Unexpected: Crisis, emergency, require fast thinking and action
• Scheduled:

Understanding the Endocrine System: Glands, Hormones, and Functions

Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands

Exocrine glands have ducts that secrete substances such as mucus, saliva, cerumen, sebaceous oils, and sweat.

Endocrine glands produce hormones (chemical messengers) and secrete them directly into the bloodstream.

The Pituitary Gland: Master Regulator of Hormones

The pituitary gland (hypophysis), often called the "master gland," primarily functions to secrete vital hormones into the bloodstream.

Key Pituitary Hormones and Their Functions

• ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin): Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.
• TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin): Targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release

Understanding Sentence Structure

A sentence is a group of words arranged coherently to convey a complete meaning. For example: "A group of 200 black plane pilots protested yesterday."

Basic Parts of a Sentence

The fundamental components of a sentence include:

• Subject: The agent performing the action.
• Verb: The action itself.
• Object: The element affected by the action.
• Adverb: Modifies the verb, describing how the action is performed.
• Place: Indicates where the action occurs.

Types of Sentences

Declarative Sentences

Used to express an opinion, fact, information, idea, or statement.

Interrogative Sentences

Used to obtain information or to seek specific details. These often involve:

1. Subject-Verb Inversion (SVI): Occurs when the verb "to be" precedes the subject.

Understanding Algorithms

A programming algorithm is a computer procedure, much like a recipe, that tells your computer precisely what steps to take to solve a problem or reach a goal.

Evolution of Data Management

Early data management systems include file and database systems that were designed prior to the relational database in the 1970s. These include:

• Flat File Data Management
• Hierarchical Data Management Systems
• Network Data Management Systems

Database Generations & Models

1. Flat File Data Model

An organized set of data stored in a long-term storage medium, such as a disk or magnetic tape.

2. Hierarchical Data Model

Files are related in a parent/child manner, with each child file having at most one parent file.

3. Network Data Model

Made of data... Continue reading "Data Management Fundamentals: Databases, Algorithms, & Distributed Systems" »