Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for University

Mastering Complex English Structures

Tag Questions: Examples and Usage

Tag questions are short questions added to the end of a statement. They are used to confirm information or encourage a reply. Note the reversal of polarity (positive statement uses a negative tag, and vice versa).

• Everything has a beginning, doesn't it?
• It doesn't really make you angry, does it?
• You don't think they're too close, do you?
• She didn't think to have it all sunshine, did she?
• I have got a lot, haven't I?
• It is rather soon, isn't it?
• You're not to blame, are you?
• I'm not too old for the moon-run, am I?
• You've seen my snuff-box, haven't you?
• You're not thinking she had anything to do with the murder, are you?
• It was a visitation, wasn't it?
• It sounds so respectable and sane,

Exercise 1

a) Adaptation

• Product:
  • Pro: Greater local acceptance.
  • Con: Increased production costs.
• Placement:
  • Pro: Improved accessibility.
  • Con: Logistical complexity.
• Price:
  • Pro: Enhanced local competitiveness.
  • Con: Inconsistent brand perception.
• Promotion:
  • Pro: Greater cultural relevance.
  • Con: Higher marketing campaign costs.

b) Standardization

• Product:
  • Pro: Economies of scale.
  • Con: Less adaptation to local tastes.
• Placement:
  • Pro: Logistical simplification.
  • Con: Less market coverage.
• Price:
  • Pro: Brand consistency.
  • Con: Less competitive in some markets.
• Promotion:
  • Pro: More cost-effective global campaigns.
  • Con: Less cultural effectiveness.

c) Suggested Decision

I would recommend a hybrid strategy, adapting key aspects (like flavor and promotion) to local markets while... Continue reading "Adaptation vs. Standardization in Marketing" »

Aplicación de NIC 36: Deterioro y Reversión de Activos

El presente caso práctico aborda la aplicación de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad 36 (NIC 36), que trata sobre el deterioro del valor de los activos. Se analiza la situación de la empresa ALLENDE, que el 1 de enero de 2016 adquiere una línea de producción.

Datos Iniciales de la Línea de Producción

• Fecha de Adquisición: 1 de enero de 2016
• Precio de Adquisición: 1.200.000 €
• Método de Amortización: Lineal a 5 años
• Valor Residual (VR): 200.000 €
• Sistema de Cálculo del Valor Recuperable: Descuento de flujos de efectivo
• Tasa de Descuento: 12%

Flujos de Efectivo Esperados (a 31/12/2016)

La siguiente tabla muestra los flujos de efectivo esperados para los años de vida útil restantes,... Continue reading "NIC 36: Cálculo de Deterioro y Reversión de Activos Fijos" »

Marx's Solution to Industrialization and Urbanization

Karl Marx argued that the moral and practical problems caused by the bourgeoisie during industrialization and urbanization would ultimately be addressed through a workers' revolution.

He posited that eventually, the proletariat (the working class) would rise up and seize the means of production. This revolutionary act would lead to workers receiving an equal share of the profits, thereby resolving the inherent inequalities of the capitalist system.

The Role of the Hegelian Dialectic in Societal Progress

According to Marx, society progresses through class struggle, a dynamic process rooted in the Hegelian dialectic. This conflict ultimately results in the overthrow of the old economic system... Continue reading "Marx's Dialectic, Class Struggle, and Hermeneutic Interpretation of Text" »

School Break Time Memories

During school breaks, my friends and I used to play basketball. We formed teams, and the losing team would buy Lay's for the winning team. I used to play basketball, but I stopped when I broke my finger. Afterward, the school bought a thick and long rope, and I started playing jump rope with my friends. We all got together, and one by one, we started jumping. It was a lot of fun, but actually, I think I'm afraid of it now. I also used to play hide-and-seek with my friends, but I didn't like it much because I felt like time was passing, and the break was ending very quickly. When I entered high school, I stopped playing during breaks and only ate breakfast with my friends. We would sit on a bench and just talk.

A Lost

Lecture 2: Dynamic Dispatch and Interfaces

• Dynamic Dispatch: The process of selecting which implementation of a polymorphic operation to call at runtime.
• Interface: Calling a method that is not in the interface will cause a compilation error.

Lecture 3: N/A

Lecture 4: Method Contracts, Exceptions, and Unit Testing

• Method Contract: Should define pre/post conditions and exceptional behavior. The client is to blame if the precondition is not met, and the service is to blame if the postcondition is not met. Exceptional behavior specifies what the code will do if a precondition is violated.
• Exception: Runtime exception (unchecked) and IO exception (checked). The IO exception must be caught; otherwise, the code won't compile.
• Unit Test: Test boundary

Regarding the difference between a language and a dialect can be confusing. A language is a mental phenomenon, the language lives in the mind because it is a cognitive ability. However, a dialect is a certain type of linguistic variety. It is the way of speaking of a community which is a bit different from the standard one. One problem is dialectal continuum:

The distinction is very broad. If we ask how many languages there are, we will not have an exact answer because there are over 4000 and 6000 languages. It is difficult to say which is a language or which is not. The word 'language' is a concept more political than scientific, the decision in the end is political. For example, the Swedes, Danish, and Norwegians speak highly similar linguistic... Continue reading "Language vs Dialect: Power Dynamics and Societal Influence" »

The Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization

On the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the main urban settlements that were to play a leading role in the three millennia of Mesopotamian history emerged. The periodic overflowing of their banks irrigated and enriched the surrounding land, allowing intensive agricultural exploitation. This favored the appearance of stable settlements and their development. Cities such as Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Assur, Mari, and Babylon, among many others, arose, governed independently from a temple-palace.

Mesopotamian Society and Governance

The temple-palace organized the economy and held the political and military monopoly, as it was where the production and surplus from their economic activities were stored. Society... Continue reading "Mesopotamian Civilization: Society, Economy, Religion" »

C Programming Examples

Here are several C programming examples:

Vector Operations

#include <stdio.h>

void leVetor (int v [] , int tam );
int prodEscalar (int v1 [] , int v2 [] , int tam );

int main (void) {
    int v1 [ DIM ], int v2 [ DIM ];
    int i;
    int prod ;

    leVetor (v1 , DIM );
    leVetor (v2 , DIM );
    prod = prodEscalar (v1 , v2 , DIM );
    printf ("%d\n", prod );
    return 0;
}

void leVetor (int v [] , int tam ) {
    /* Completar */
}

int prodEscalar (int v1 [] , int v2 [] , int tam ) {
    /* Completar */
}

Random Number Generation

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define VEZES 10

int main (void) {
    int i , j , k;
    double r;

    srand ( time ( NULL )); /* inicializa

Theory of Indifference Curves

Developed by Prof. Thomas S. Alvarez

ECONOMICS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION I

Indifference Curves

The table below shows points in four different indifference curves for a consumer.
(a) Draw the indifference curves I, II, III, and IV on the same set of axes.
(b) What are indifference curves?

I II III IV
Qx Qy Qx Qy Qx Qy Qx Qy
2 13 3 12 5 12 7 12
3 6 4 8 5.5 9 8 9
4 4.5 5 6.3 6.3 8.3 9 7
5 3.5 6 5 7 7 10 6.3
6 3 7 4.4 8 6 11 5.7
7 2.7 8 4 9 5.4 12 5.3

(a)

(b) Indifference curves graphically display the tastes and preferences of consumers (in the analysis of utility, the total utility curve introduced consumer tastes). The consumer is indifferent to all the various combinations of X and Y on the same indifference curve... Continue reading "Indifference Curves, Budget Lines, and Consumer Equilibrium" »