Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

English Grammar Essentials for Technical Communication

Past Simple Tense

Regular Verbs

• Affirmative (+): Infinitive + -ed (e.g., walked)
• Negative (-): Did not (didn't) + Infinitive (e.g., didn't walk)
• Interrogative (?): Did + Subject + Infinitive? (e.g., Did you walk?)

Irregular Verbs

• Affirmative (+): Irregular Verb (Past Form) (e.g., go/went)
• Negative (-): Subject + Did not (didn't) + Infinitive (e.g., He didn't go)
• Interrogative (?): Did + Subject + Infinitive? (e.g., Did she go?)

Future Simple Tense

• Affirmative (+): Will + Infinitive (e.g., will work)
• Negative (-): Will not (won't) + Infinitive (e.g., won't work)
• Interrogative (?): Will + Subject + Infinitive? (e.g., Will they work?)

Future with "Be Going To"

• Affirmative (+): Am/Is/Are + Going To + Infinitive

Acording to Iron Content:

Ferrous: iron or alloys containing iron. Non-ferrous: pure metals not iron or metal.

Acording to Density:

Ultralight: density < 2g/cm3. Light: density 2-5g/cm3. Heavy: density > g/cm3.

Process of Obtaining Metals:

1. Obtaining minerals from mines and pits
2. Separation of mineral into ore and gangue
3. Obtaining pure metal from mineral
4. Final treatment

Mining:

Industrial activity extracting elements, compounds, and minerals of economic interest from earth. Two types of mines: open air and underground.

Siderurgy:

Industry dedicated to obtaining iron. Raw materials: iron ores, limestone, and coke coal. Process: raw materials put into blast furnace, hot air introduced, chemical reaction occurs, waste materials (slag) stay at top, molten... Continue reading "Metals and Alloys: Types, Processes, and Applications" »

Understanding Computer Networks

What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and devices, linked either physically or wirelessly, for the primary purpose of sharing information and resources.

Types of Computer Networks

Computer networks are primarily classified by their size and geographical reach into two main types:

• Local Area Network (LAN): These networks cover a limited geographical area, typically within a single building or a small campus. They are the most common type, found in offices, homes, and schools. Example: The network connecting computers within a classroom or an office building.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): These are powerful networks that connect computers located in different cities, countries,

Arduino Libraries: Extending Functionality

The Arduino environment, much like most programming platforms, can be significantly extended through the use of libraries. These libraries provide additional functionality, making it easier to implement complex features and interact with various hardware components in your sketches.

Arduino Servo Library Capabilities

The Servo library is essential for controlling servo motors. It supports up to 12 motors on most Arduino boards and an impressive 48 motors on the Arduino Mega. It's important to note that on boards other than the Mega, using the Servo library disables analogWrite() (PWM) functionality on pins 9 and 10, regardless of whether a servo is connected to those specific pins. On the Arduino Mega,... Continue reading "Arduino Library Essentials: Servo, Bluetooth, SoftwareSerial" »

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be classified based on the type of metal used as the matrix. The classification of metals in MMCs includes:

1. Pure Metals: These are metals composed of a single element, such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), or magnesium (Mg). Pure metals can serve as matrices in MMCs, providing specific properties and characteristics.
2. Intermetallic Compounds: Intermetallics are compounds formed by the combination of two or more metallic elements. They possess a distinct crystal structure and can exhibit unique properties. Intermetallic compounds, such as titanium aluminides (Ti-Al) or nickel aluminides (Ni-Al), can be used as matrices in MMCs.
3. Alloys: Alloys are metallic materials composed

Understanding Plastics: Composition and Origin

Plastics consist of long chains of molecules, made of carbon, that are called polymers. Polymers are composed of smaller molecules called monomers.

Types of Plastics Based on Origin

There are two main types of plastics according to their origin:

• Natural Plastics: These are obtained directly from vegetable or animal sources. Examples include latex and cellulose (produced by plants), as well as casein (from milk).
• Synthetic Plastics: These are made with compounds derived from petroleum, natural gas, and coal (carbon). Most plastics used today are synthetic.

Industrial Production: Polymerization and Processing

The industrial process for producing plastic from raw materials is called polymerization.

Manufacturing

Paper-Based Biosensors

Immunosensors

Immunosensors are affinity ligand-based biosensor solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. The fundamental basis of all immunosensors is the specificity of the molecular recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex.

Paper-Based ELISA

There are different techniques for the design and development of immunoassays. For instance, combining ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and patterned paper provides a beneficial protocol for performing immunoassays.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Paper-Based ELISA

Paper-based ELISA offers three principal advantages over conventional ELISA performed in plastic 96-well plates:

• More rapid detection.
• Requires only small

Types of Knives

Chef's Knife (Cebollero)

• All purpose knife for peeling, trimming, chopping, slicing, and dicing
• Triangular blade, rock chop

Utility Knife or Salad Knife

• All purpose, smaller than the chef's knife
• Used specially for peeling and slicing fruit and vegetables

Santoku Knife or Japanese Cook's Knife

• Sheep's foot tip
• Top chop

Paring Knife

• Used for paring or peeling fruits and vegetables

Tournée Knife

• Sometimes considered as a kind of paring knife
• Used for turning vegetables

Slicer Knife

• Long slender and flexible blade
• Used for carving or slicing cooked meats

Bread Knife or Serrated Slicer

Used to cut bread, cakes, and similar food

Boning Knife

• Thin and pointed blade
• Used for boning raw meats, poultry, and fish
• Used for trimming fat from meats

Filleting Knife

• Pointed

Essential Kitchen Cutting Tools

Vegetable Peeler

A short tool with a slotted, swiveling blade used for peeling vegetables and fruits. There are two types: Swiss peeler and standard peeler.

Mandoline

A manual slicer with adjustable blades for creating various cuts, such as julienne, batonnet, and waffle slices.

Sharpening Steel

Used for honing and maintaining knife edges, keeping them sharp with regular use. Not intended for sharpening dull knives.

Sharpening Stone

Also known as a whetstone, used to sharpen dull knives and refine their edges.

Cutting Board

Made of wood, plastic, or composite material, used as a stable surface for cutting, chopping, and other food preparation tasks.

Scissors

Versatile kitchen tool for various tasks, such as snipping herbs,... Continue reading "Essential Kitchen Cutting Tools and Techniques" »