Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

The Versatile 555 Timer IC

The 555 timer is a highly versatile integrated circuit that can be configured in various ways using external components, primarily as a monostable (one-shot) or astable (free-running) multivibrator.

555 Monostable Configuration

In a monostable configuration, the circuit's output is initially low (zero). The internal discharge transistor is saturated, preventing capacitor C1 from charging. However, when a negative pulse is applied to the trigger terminal (pin 2), it causes the internal RS flip-flop to change its output state, turning off the discharge transistor. This allows capacitor C1 to charge through the external resistance R1.

When the voltage across the capacitor exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage, the flip-flop... Continue reading "Mastering 555 Timers, CD4510 Counters, and Digital Logic" »

What is ESD?

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is the accumulation of electric charge on a surface. For a person to feel an ESD, it's necessary to accumulate 3000V of static electricity.

How to Prevent ESD

• Save all components in static-safe bags.
• Use grounded pads.
• Use grounded floor mats.
• Use an antistatic wrist strap when working with computers.

Types of Power Changes

• Total Blackout: Complete power outage.
• Partial Blackout: A reduction in voltage.
• Noise: Interference on the power line.
• Peak Voltage: A sudden, sharp increase in voltage.
• Overvoltage: A prolonged increase in voltage.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

An MSDS is a document that provides information about material identification, hazardous components that can affect people's health, fire hazards,... Continue reading "ESD, Material Safety, Memory Types, and Workday Structure" »

Residential Electrical Systems and Key Components

The Rush component is part of the installation that links the public distribution network with the home building or through General Protective Cases (CGP).

Essential Electrical Protection Devices

• Main Automatic Circuit Breaker: Automatically disconnects the entire home's electrical system when it detects a short circuit or increased voltage.
• Differential Breaker: Quickly disconnects the electrical installation where there is a current leakage (earth fault).
• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB): Disconnects a circuit in the event of overheating due to excessive consumption or short circuit.

Electrification Levels and Required Circuits

Basic Degree (Grado Básico)

This level foresees a minimum output of 5750... Continue reading "Home Systems Explained: Electrical Circuits, Refrigeration, and Data Networks" »

Fundamental Computer Terminology

Computer Science (Informatics)

A set of scientific knowledge and techniques that enable the automatic processing of information using computers.

Software

The logical component of a computer system; it consists of programs, data, and instructions necessary to enable the realization of specific tasks. It is intangible, unlike hardware.

Hardware

Refers to all the physical, tangible parts of a computer system.

Case (or Chassis)

The framework that contains and protects all the internal components that operate the computer.

Peripherals

Auxiliary devices connected to and dependent on the CPU, used for input, output, or storage (e.g., keyboard, monitor, printer).

Port

A generic term used to denominate an interface through which... Continue reading "Key Computer Components: Hardware, Software, and Definitions" »

Computer Case Types

Barebone: A small-sized case designed to occupy minimal space.

Minitor: A compact case.

Bench: Similar to the Minitor, but placed horizontally on the desktop. These were once common but are now largely obsolete, except in school computer labs. It's typically placed under the monitor.

Half Tower or Semitorre: A case that's larger than the previous types, allowing for more devices to be installed.

Tower: The largest type of case, offering ample space for numerous components. It's used when significant expansion is required.

Server: These cases often have a wider frame and prioritize functionality over aesthetics, as they are commonly found in data processing centers. Their design focuses on performance and ventilation.

Rack: A dedicated... Continue reading "Computer Case Types and Hard Drive Components Explained" »

1 Definition

Electricity: It's the science that studies the movement of the electrons.

 The electrons have energy. Electricity is a form of energy that moves quickly. It's a very useful way to transport energy far from its origin. (From power station to the city).

                Electronic: It's a branch of technology that studies the uses of electricity to transmit information.

Electrical circuit: It’s the path where the electrons move to change the kind of energy.

Current: is the movement of electrons along a conductor. The electrons jump from one atom to another. When there are more atoms moving the current is more intense.

Electric tension difference

Electric tension is the difference in electrical potential between two points