Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Key Factors in Kitchen Design

Designing an efficient and hygienic kitchen requires careful consideration of several factors. These include:

• Zoning: Separating areas for different functions (e.g., dirty vs. clean, hot vs. cold).
• Accessibility: Ensuring easy access to all areas.
• Flexibility: Designing adaptable spaces.
• Product Design: Utilizing useful and well-separated equipment.

Food Safety and Witness Samples

Witness samples are portions of each prepared dish that are stored for a specific period. In Castilla La Mancha, establishments serving over 200 diners must retain individual portions, clearly marked with the date and name. These samples should be stored for:

• 4 days at 4°C (chilled)
• -18°C (frozen)

Health Authority Requirements (ASF)

The health... Continue reading "Kitchen Design: Key Factors for Efficiency and Hygiene" »

Understanding the Microprocessor

The microprocessor (mP) is an integrated circuit or chip whose primary function is to interpret and execute software operations. These operations are stored in memory as a set of instructions, along with the data they operate on.

The evolution of the microprocessor has largely followed Moore's Law, which states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every 18 months. This rule also applies to the rate at which their performance increases.

Microprocessor Evolution and Manufacturers

Because microprocessors from manufacturers like Intel and AMD often have different packaging, the motherboards designed for them are also different. Key manufacturers in the industry include:

• VIA
• SiS
• AMD
• ATI (now part

Automation and Control Systems

The main elements of a structure, motor circuits, actuators, control devices, regulatory, and other control mechanisms are often referred to as having an authoritarian system of automation and control.

Types of Automated Machines

Machines can be classified according to:

• Technology Involved: They can be electric, mechanical, etc.
• Complexity: Based on the number of pieces they comprise.
• Level of Automation: How dependent they are on human intervention.

Based on the level of automation, they can be:

• Machines Without Automation

  Control is done manually.

• Fixed Cycle Automatic Machines

  Concrete operations are repeated over and over again in the same way. Modification is needed to change the cycle.

• Programmable Machines

  Similar to

Project Methodology

1. Identifying and Defining the Problem: Before solving the problem, it is important to analyze the situation to accurately detect it.
2. Investigate and Seek Information: Sometimes the problem can be solved using knowledge and imagination, but on other occasions, it will be necessary to investigate how to find information on different sources (books, magazines, internet, etc.) to solve it.
3. Find Possible Solutions: A way of doing this is by brainstorming. All group members share their ideas for some time.
4. Choice of Solution: To choose the solution that solves the problem in the easiest, safest, and most economical way.
5. Design: For this, the first sketches are made of what is to be built. These plans should contain all the design details

Electronic Components & Electrical Materials

Resistors: Types and Characteristics

Understanding Electrical Resistance

Resistance is the property of a material that hinders the passage of electric current through it.

Ohmic Resistance Explained

Ohmic resistance refers to the resistance of materials where the current is directly proportional to the voltage across them, following Ohm's Law.

Fixed Resistors: Construction & Use

A fixed resistor typically comprises a cylindrical insulating support on which a layer of resistive material, often pulverized charcoal mixed with binder substances, is deposited.

Variable Resistors: Potentiometers & More

A variable resistor, such as a potentiometer, has an ohmic value that varies within certain limits... Continue reading "Electronic Components and Electrical Materials Explained" »

The Mechanisms Explained

Mechanisms are essential components designed to transmit and transform energy and movement from a driving force to a receiver element. They allow humans to perform tasks with greater comfort and less effort.

Mechanisms are classified into:

• Transmission mechanisms of motion (linear or circular transmission).
• Mechanisms of transformation of movement (rectilinear to circular, or circular to rectilinear).

Lever

A lever is in equilibrium when the product of the applied force (F) and its distance from the fulcrum (d) equals the product of the resistance (R) and its distance from the fulcrum (r).

Formula: F · d = R · r

Types of Levers:

• First Class: The fulcrum is positioned between the applied force and the resistance.
• Second Class:

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) Explained

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an electronic device capable of processing analog, digital, numeric, and alphanumeric information. It is designed to monitor real-time automated industrial processes. Basically, a PLC consists of a control unit, memory, and input/output modules. PLC manufacturers establish communication with external circuits. These circuits are constituted by sensors that send information from the industrial process to the PLC, and actuators that implement program orders.

Automation Approaches: Wired vs. Programmed

Wired Automation Limitations

Traditional wired automation presents several challenges:

• Requires large conduits and control panels.
• Lacks flexibility; variations do

BT06 Bare Conductors Specifications

Breaking Load:

410 daN

Braces and Struts:

1400 daN

Ultimate Safety Factor

• Metallic: 1.5
• Reinforced Concrete: 2.5
• Wood: 3.5
• Non-metallic: 2.5

1. Isolated Conductors

• Cables Perched

  • Distance from floor: 2.5m
  • Windows: 0.3m top, 0.5m bottom and sides
  • Balconies: 0.3m top and bottom, 1m sides

• Tension Cables

  • Ground distance: 4m
  • Mechanical strength: 800 daN

2. Bare Conductors

• Distance from ground: 4m

• On the Roof

  • Flat parallel: 1.8m if connected to ground, 1.50m otherwise
  • With inclination of 45 degrees: can be reduced to 1m

• Terraces and Balconies

  • Flat parallel: 3m

• Facades

  Protection zone limited to:

  • Plane parallel to the wall at 1m from windows or balconies, further limited by:
    • Plane parallel horizontal top: 0.30m
    • 2 vertical planes, one on each

Simple Machines: Fundamentals of Mechanics

Simple machines are fundamental mechanisms. They are characterized by the exchange of mechanical work (involving some of their moving elements), and all their solid parts are rigid.

Levers: Principles and Classes

A lever is a simple machine formed by a rigid bar that can turn around a support point, known as the fulcrum. In all levers, there is a point where the body to be moved is placed, which we call resistance, and another point where force is applied to move the load, which we call power or effort. The distances from the fulcrum to the application points of the load and power are called arms.

Types of Levers Explained

1. First Class Levers: The fulcrum is located between the load and the applied force

Understanding Materials: Plastics and Building Essentials

Plastics: Properties, Types, and Applications

Plastics are versatile, man-made materials, predominantly derived from oil. The fundamental process of creating a polymer is known as polymerization. Plastics are broadly categorized into two main types:

• Thermoplastics
• Thermosetting Plastics

Thermoplastics Explained

Thermoplastics can be repeatedly heated, molded, and reshaped. A unique characteristic of thermoplastics is their plastic memory, meaning each time they are heated, they tend to return to their original shape.

Thermosetting Plastics Explained

Thermosetting plastics are generally strong and highly resistant to heat. They undergo a permanent chemical change upon initial heating to a sufficiently... Continue reading "Plastics & Building Materials: Types, Uses, and Characteristics" »