Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Laying Ground Facilities Project

The process involves several key steps:

• Research
• Determination
• Design
• Calculation of resistance
• Computation step of crack on the outside of the installation
• Calculation of contact and step voltages inside the installation
• Checking
• Research
• Correction

Wenner Method

The Wenner method is the most used and recommended technique to measure the resistivity of the ground.

High Voltage Open Circuit Procedure

1. Open the switch.
2. Open the disconnectors.

High Voltage Circuit Closing Procedure

1. Close the disconnectors.
2. Close the switch.

Lockout or Interlock Device

A lockout or interlock device is the set of operations aimed at preventing the operation of a device and maintaining it in a given position.

Verification of Absence of Tension

It is necessary... Continue reading "Grounding Systems & Electrical Safety Procedures" »

Operation of Drive Elements, Control, and a Hydraulic System

Hydraulic Group

Generates hydraulic energy. A motor-driven pump converts energy. If the flow encounters resistance, there is pressure to fit in the pressure relief valve. Fluid drains back to the tank through a filter. The tank stores and conditions the oil.

Hydraulic Actuators

Converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Conversion by rotating movement (hydraulic motor, which is at the pump's traverse), or linear movement cylinder.

Cylinders:

1. Single-acting
2. Double-acting
3. Special
4. Plunger (double-acting piston rod makes)
5. Differential (double-acting 2:1 ratio S side plunger rod side)
6. Equilibrated (dual stem)
7. Telescopic (short length, big race)

Valves

Responsible for controlling flow regulation... Continue reading "Understanding Hydraulic Systems: Actuators, Valves, and Control" »

Fundamentals of Informatics

Informatics is the branch of technology that studies the automatic treatment of information by computers.

Core Components of a Computer System

Hardware

Hardware refers to all physical and electronic parts of a computer.

Software

Software is composed of the operating system and application programs (a set of instructions), for example, text processors or games.

Computer Types

Common types of computers include:

• Desktop computer
• Notebook computer
• Computer room (Workstation/Server)
• Pocket computer

Internal Hardware Structure

The Case (Chassis)

The Case (or frame) incorporates the main structural elements and houses components like the motherboard.

The Motherboard

The Motherboard is an electronic board featuring a set of circuits, connectors,... Continue reading "Essential Components of Modern Computer Systems" »

Technology Project Process and Building Materials

Technology Project Process

• Problem Analysis

  Tools for analysis, potential improvements, relevant knowledge, ideas, and theories.

• Technical Project

  • Idea Generation

    Each participant creates a sketch or drawing with a brief explanation detailing the object, its components, and operation.

  • Idea Selection

    Choose the most appropriate idea based on criteria such as potential for improvement, feasibility with available resources, frequency of suggestion, or innovative solutions to the problem.

  • Final Design

    Create detailed drawings, plans, and views of the object.

  • Material Selection

    Choose appropriate materials for each part considering technical, aesthetic, economic, and ecological factors, utilizing available resources.

Understanding Structural Stability and Types of Structures

Stable structures are those that, when a force is applied to them, maintain their stability. Unstable structures, conversely, lose their balance with a small push.

Structural Profiles: Balancing Resistance, Speed, and Cost

Achieving structures that are resistant, quick to build, and cost-effective simultaneously presents a design challenge. Structural profiles play a crucial role in this balance.

• Open Profiles: Common shapes include V, T, U, L, X, and H.
• Closed Profiles: Examples include O-shaped, square, and other enclosed forms.

Types of Artificial Structures

Massive Structures

Characterized by a predominant concentration of material throughout their volume, providing strength through sheer... Continue reading "Structural Stability & Building Types: A Comprehensive Reference" »

Electric Brake Dynamometer

The electric brake dynamometer transforms energy absorbed from the engine into electrical energy, unlike hydraulic brakes which convert it into heat. It consists of a stator (or inductor) that can pivot on a support resting on the bench via ball bearings, allowing for damping fluctuations around a shaft attached to the rotor (or armature) of the dynamo. The housing is mounted on a lever arm that collects the load weight, which determines the resistance torque measured on the dynamometer. On the opposite side of the housing, an extension of the lever arm carries a counterweight to balance the machine at rest.

Prony Brake: A Historical Perspective

The Prony brake is the simplest and most rudimentary dynamometer, and it... Continue reading "Engine Testing Dynamometers and Fuel Mixture Basics" »

Textile Manufacturing Fundamentals: Spinning and Fiber Technology

Yarn Formation and Spinning Processes

What is the machine used to form threads from fibers called?

The machine is called a Spinner (or Spinning Machine).

What are the key operations in the spinning process?

The key operations are: Cleaning, Carding/Combing, Drafting (Stretching), and Twisting.

What do doubling and twisting mean in the context of spinning?

• Doubling: Combining two or more strands so they remain parallel.
• Twisting: Imparting rotation to the yarn structure to add strength and cohesion.

What is a drafting train?

A drafting train is a system typically consisting of four pairs of rollers rotating at progressively increasing speeds, used to stretch and thin the fiber strand before... Continue reading "Textile Manufacturing Fundamentals: Spinning and Weaving Terminology" »

Weapon to Cover: Loading and Preparing for Carry

When you take the gun, the first step is to ensure a round is chambered. Manually delay the slide with your thumb and index finger to its most backward position. If not automatically supplied with your charger, it will not be unlocked with the lever. This allows us to ensure there is no cartridge. If necessary, especially in poor visibility, insert your finger to confirm. Subsequent actions involve using the lever to stop the slide in its most advanced or normal position.

Once the weapon is secured and confirmed to be unloaded, we can proceed with total security to carry the weapon in the DOS condition:

• Firmly insert the charger up to its peak.
• With a swift pull of the slide, we will feed the gun.

Simple Machines: Levers, Pulleys, and Gears

Levers

Used since ancient times, a lever is a mechanism consisting of a rod attached to a frame by a point called the fulcrum, which enables the bar to rotate. The force to be overcome is called resistance (R), while the driving force applied is called effort (P). The distances from the fulcrum to these two forces are called the resistance arm (AR) and the effort arm (AP), respectively.

Levers are classified into three types based on the relative positions of the fulcrum, resistance, and effort:

• First-Class Lever

  The fulcrum is located between the resistance (R) and the effort (P).

• Second-Class Lever

  The resistance (R) is located between the fulcrum and the effort (P).

• Third-Class Lever

  The effort (P) is applied

Fundamental Electrical Concepts

Voltage (V)

Also known as potential difference between two points in a circuit, voltage indicates the difference in electrical energy between those two points. It is measured in volts (V).

Resistance (R)

Resistance of a material indicates its opposition to the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

Current Intensity (I)

Current intensity expresses the amount of electric charge flowing per second through a circuit section. It is measured in amperes (A).

Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. It is expressed as:

• I = V / R (Current = Voltage / Resistance)

Electrical Energy (E)

The electrical energy (E) consumed by a receiver connected... Continue reading "Essential Electrical Concepts, Circuits, and Measurements" »