Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Elements of the Drainage Network

• Siphons: Allow wastewater to be evacuated and prevent odors from entering homes.

• Connections: A set of horizontal pipes that connect the various sanitary fixtures with downpipes.

• Downpipes: Vertical pipes that collect water from connections, toilets, and roofs.

• Collectors: These are the horizontal pipes buried in the ground that connect to the downpipes, channeling water to the siphonal chamber.

• Siphonal chamber: Provides a hydraulic closure and prevents odors and sewer rats from entering the drains in the houses.

The Water Bill

Specifies what we pay for the service and consumption of water in a given period.

• Service Fee: The fixed fee entitles you to consume water.

• Consumption: The variable amount billed.

• Taxes:

Electrical Properties: Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

Electrical properties refer to a material's ability to conduct electrical current. Materials can be classified into three main categories:

• Conductors: Materials that allow electrons to move with little difficulty. Examples include metals.
• Insulators: Materials that significantly resist the movement of electrons. Examples include plastics, ceramics, and wood.
• Semiconductors: Materials whose conductivity depends on temperature and impurities. They can be manipulated to control electrical current.

Electrical Installations

An electrical installation typically consists of the following components:

• General protection box
• General power supply line
• Meter
• Individual bypass

The internal installation... Continue reading "Electrical Properties, Installations, and Home Automation" »

Metal Properties: An Overview

Oxidation: A chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen, often leading to corrosion in metals. While corrosion can be detrimental, it can also form a protective layer on some metals. The process may slow down or stop as the protective layer develops.

Corrosion: The gradual deterioration of metals due to a combination of oxygen and moisture, or chemical reactions with acids.

Mechanical Properties

Strength: A metal's ability to resist breakage or deformation under stress.

Elasticity: The property of a metal to return to its original shape after being deformed.

Yield Strength: The maximum force a material can withstand without permanent deformation.

Modulus of Rupture: The relationship between applied stress... Continue reading "Metal Properties: Oxidation, Strength, and More" »

Plastic Extrusion and Molding Processes

Extrusion profiles are used to create long, uniform sections. This process utilizes a specialized machine called an extruder, which operates similarly to a kitchen cutting machine. Plastic granules are poured into a feed hopper and flow into a chamber where a screw rotates. The extruder heats the plastic to between 150 and 250 degrees Celsius to soften it and force it through a die, creating the desired shape.

Extrusion and Blow Molding

Extrusion and blow molding are used for creating items like electrical lighting components, bottles, and toys. A hollow preform, called a parison, is extruded and then placed into a mold. Air pressure is then injected to expand the plastic, conforming it to the mold's shape.... Continue reading "Plastic Extrusion and Molding Processes: A Comprehensive Look" »

Hot Water System Essentials

1. Tube Layout Characteristics: Pre-Use Checks

• Measuring diameter and wall thickness
• Analyzing galvanized steel tubing
• Testing hot water flow capacity (if applicable)
• Checking width
• Identifying accessory types

2. Tube Layout: Records Before Covering

• Ensuring no water leaks from joints under load tests
• Positioning hot water lines above cold water lines
• Maintaining minimum distances from other utilities:
  • 3 cm from gas pipes
  • 4 cm from other pipes
  • 30 cm from electrical lines

3. Types of Pipe Connections

• Concrete (with metal jacket): Double-shirt welding bead (interior and exterior)
• Steel: Thread, flange, or welding
• Cast Iron: Flange connection, automatic and mechanical joint gasket
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Screw joints, gluing, or ring

Water and Sewage

• Greywater: Waters that have been used in toilets, etc.
• Sewage: Waters that have been used to remove excrement.
• Downpipe: A conduit that carries wastewater to sewers.
• Distribution Network: Deals with the distribution of water ready to drink, called potable water.
• Siphon Outlet: U-shaped tube that always contains water to prevent the passage of odors.

Environmental Design

• Environmental Design: Aims to achieve thermal comfort inside a house naturally, taking into account the environmental conditions of the house and climate.

Broadband and Digital TV

• Broadband: A communication connection that allows faster data flow between sender and receiver.
• Decoder: A device that receives a signal and interprets it by offering a sound and signal that

IPL (Initial Program Load)

IPL (Initial Program Load) -> Power On Self Test (POST)

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)

BIOS: A set of input and output routines. It handles the communication between the operating system and hardware.

Types of Memory

• RAM (Random Access Memory): For both reading and writing.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): For reading only.

Types of ROMs

• ROM: Read-Only Memory.
• PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory. A digital memory where each bit's value depends on a fuse that can be burned only once.
• EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. Read sequentially. Less reading provides a greater margin for error.
• EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. The signal is updated and erased with the BIOS.

RAM and ROM Classification

• Dynamic

Shipboard Equipment and Parts

Anchors

Anchor: An iron instrument, heavy and strong, shaped like a harpoon or hook. Doubled and attached to a rope, chain, or cable, it's thrown into the water to hold a vessel.

1. Plow anchor (Figure 1-37)
2. Danforth anchor (Figure 1-35)

Windlass

Windlass: A horizontal axis machine used to weigh chains. It has an iron mechanism called a chainstopper to bite and stop the chain. Often incorporates drums (Cabirol or warping ends).

Gypsy

Gypsy: A drum-shaped part of the windlass with notches or molds where the chain's mating link engages as the anchor is raised or lowered. The gypsy is in gear when turning the reel to raise the anchor, or it decouples and engages the brake to stop the shaft's rotation.

Escobar

Escobar: The location... Continue reading "Essential Shipboard Equipment and Terminology" »

Item 4: Characteristics of the Internal Combustion Engine

1. Engine Performance

Chemical Energy (Fuel) / Thermal Energy (Combustion) / Mechanical Energy (Piston Displacement)

The chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into heat through combustion. The resulting increase in pressure moves the piston, thus obtaining mechanical energy. Efficiency is calculated as follows:

n = (Energy obtained / Energy supplied) * 100 (%)

Power Loss:

• Heat Loss: Due to the cooling system and heat transfer to the outside.
• Mechanical Losses: Friction between moving parts and driving auxiliary devices.
• Chemical Losses: Due to incomplete combustion.

2. Types of Performance

• Thermal
• Mechanical
• Effective
• Volumetric

3. Key Features of Engines

• Engine Torque
• Specific Power
• Specific

Food Market Regulations

Conditions for Food Markets

1. The flooring must be non-slip and waterproof, with adequate drainage to facilitate evacuation.
2. Walls and pillars must be covered with waterproof, smooth, and easily cleanable materials.
3. Adequate natural or mechanical lighting must be provided.
4. Running water (hot and cold), sinks, and sufficient waste disposal capacity are required.
5. Measures must be in place to prevent the entry of insects, spiders, and rodents.
6. Loading and unloading should occur through separate access points.
7. Enclosed areas are required for the exclusive use of packaging waste, with immediate access to the public highway.
8. Bathrooms with toilets, separated by gender and distinct from public areas, are necessary. Mechanical ventilation