Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

Brakes

Disc Brakes

A disc is connected to an axle. Brake pads apply pressure to the disc via friction.

Band Brakes

A drum is connected to an axle. A flexible band applies pressure to the outside of the drum.

Drum Brakes

A drum is connected to the axle. A pair of brake shoes apply pressure to the inside of the drum via friction.

Energy Absorption and Dissipation

Springs

Springs are devices that, thanks to the elasticity of their materials and their shape, can absorb energy when force is applied. This energy can then be dissipated in a controlled way. Depending on the type of external force applied, springs work in different ways:

• Compression: Pushing on the spring makes it shorter (e.g., a sofa).
• Traction: Pulling on the spring makes it longer (e.g., a

Material Classification

Natural Materials

These materials are obtained directly from nature, such as:

• Wood
• Coal
• Metal
• Stone

Artificial Materials

These materials are derived from natural materials through processing, such as:

• Glass
• Paper
• Cement

Synthetic Materials

These materials are created through chemical reactions involving artificial materials, such as:

• Plastics

Material Types and Their Properties

Ceramics

Ceramics exhibit the following properties:

• Fragility
• Low thermal conductivity
• Low electrical conductivity
• Hardness
• Brittleness

Metallic Materials

Metals possess these characteristics:

• High electrical and thermal conductivity
• Resistance
• Ductility
• Malleability
• Ability to form alloys with other elements to enhance properties

Plastics/Polyesters

Plastics and polyesters... Continue reading "Understanding Materials: Properties, Types, and Treatments" »

Fundamentals of Structural Engineering

A structure is the set of elements in a body designed to resist the forces (loads) acting upon it, fulfilling three essential conditions:

1. Stability: Remaining upright and preventing overturning.
2. Resistance: Withstanding loads without breaking.
3. Rigidity: Minimizing deformation under load.

Understanding Loads

The forces acting on a structure are known as loads. These loads are typically classified as either permanent (dead loads) or variable (live loads).

Classification of Structures

Structures are generally categorized into four main types:

• Massive Structures: Characterized by their large volume and weight (e.g., pyramids, stone benches).
• Vaulted Structures: Utilize arches and vaults to distribute forces (e.g., stone

Computer Basics

A computer is a device that processes data according to a set of instructions known as a program.

Hardware and Software

Hardware: The equipment. Software: The programs and data.

Operating System

The operating system is a special set of programs that provides an interface for the user and allows application programs to communicate with the hardware.

Application Programs

Application programs include:

• Word processors (for creating and editing texts)
• Spreadsheets (for calculating mathematical formulae)
• Databases (for storing data in a way that allows the data to be sorted and searched)

Antivirus Programs

Antivirus programs are used to detect and remove viruses (harmful programs that can reproduce themselves and attach themselves to other programs)... Continue reading "Computer Hardware, Software, and Peripherals: A Comprehensive Look" »

• Unit 7

Electronic Components Guide

Basic Components

Battery

A device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. Power supply.

Light Bulb

An electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a bulb to protect it from oxidation. Load device.

Motor

An electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Load device.

Buzzer

A device that makes a buzzing noise and is used for signaling. May be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Load device.

Semiconductor Components

Diode

Formed by the union of two semiconductors: P-type (anode) and N-type (cathode). Load device.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

An electronic device that emits light when... Continue reading "Electronic Components Guide: Types, Functions & Applications" »

Engineering and Construction Glossary

This glossary provides definitions for key terms used in engineering, construction, and design projects, including their Spanish translations where applicable.

Cross-section (Sección transversal)

A cross-section gives a cutaway view of the joint between two panels.

Note (Notas)

A note gives a brief description or a reference to another related drawing.

Plan (Plano)

A plan gives a view of the whole deck, from above.

Schematic (Esquemático)

A schematic gives a simplified representation of a network of air ducts.

Specification (Especificación)

A specification gives detailed written technical descriptions of a panel.

Amplified

Amplified: made greater.

Elevation (Elevación)

Elevation gives a view of all the panels, from... Continue reading "Essential Engineering & Construction Terminology" »

• Limited: kept within a particular size
• Potential: possible when the necessary conditions exist
• Excessive: more than is necessary
• Peer pressure: the influence of people who are similar age
• Disadvantaged: in a situation in which you are less likely to succeed than others
• Irritable: becoming annoyed very easily
• Expose: to remove what is covering something that is very large
• Awash: having an amount of something that is very large
• Artificial: not natural
• Upgrade: to improve something so that it is of a higher quality
• Zip a file: to reduce the size of a computer file
• Save: to make sure that a computer keeps information
• Browse the internet: to look at information on the internet
• Plug sth in: to connect a piece of electrical equipment to an electricity supply
• Sync

Common Cyber Attack Definitions and Techniques

Vishing: Voice Phishing Attacks

Using telephone calls to commit a phishing attack.

Smishing: SMS Phishing

Using SMS (text messages) to commit a phishing attack.

Pharming and DNS Poisoning

Directs users to a fake website when they enter the URL of a genuine site.

Whaling: Targeting High-Value Individuals

A specialized type of phishing attack specifically targeting high-ranking executives, such as CEOs, via email.

Salami Slicing Technique

A financial crime where small, often undetectable amounts of money are stolen from a large number of accounts. The cumulative gain is significant, but individual victims rarely notice the loss.

Data Diddling

Altering data, typically by changing information before or during... Continue reading "Cyber Attack Definitions: Vishing, Ransomware, and Botnets" »

Understanding Computer Systems and Networking Essentials

Command-Line Interface Basics

Command-line interfaces (CLIs) are often replaced by graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and menu-driven interfaces.

Accessing the Command Prompt in Windows

To access the command prompt in Windows: Start > Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. Alternatively, you can type cmd in the Run dialog or search bar.

Essential Computer Tools and Settings

The Windows Control Panel and System Settings offer various useful tools and configurations, typically categorized as:

• Programs
• Hardware and Sound
• User Accounts and Family Safety
• Network and Internet
• Appearance and Personalization
• System and Security

Key Windows System Utilities

• Computer Properties

  Provides basic information