Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Technology

Computer Hardware and Usage: Q&A

Basic Computer Knowledge

1. What is a Bus?

   A bus is a device that determines how much data can be transmitted.

2. What Does She Look Like?

   She is beautiful, medium tall, with brown hair.

3. How Tall Are You?

   I am tall, one meter and seventy-four centimeters.

4. What is a Motherboard?

   The motherboard is the hub used to connect all the essential components of a computer.

Input and Output Devices

5) Define input and output device

An input device is a peripheral used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system.

An output device is any piece of computer hardware used to communicate the results of data processing.

RAM vs. ROM

6) What is the difference between ROM and RAM?

ROM: Access to memory information... Continue reading "Computer Hardware and Usage: Q&A for Students" »

**Protection and Indirect Contacts**

Luminaires shall be Class I or Class II. Accessible metal parts of the luminaires will be connected to the ground. Excluded from this requirement are those metal parts with double insulation that are not accessible to the general public. For access to the interior of luminaires installed at a height less than 3 meters above the ground or in a publicly accessible space, the use of special tools will be required. All metal structures within a distance of less than 2 meters from the metal parts of the exterior lighting installation shall be joined together equipotentially. It must be ascertained whether these metallic elements can transfer dangerous voltage points to a distance (e.g., metallic). In which case,... Continue reading "Safety and Installation Standards for Outdoor Lighting" »

1. Construction Machinery Administration

R: Administration is essential for optimal operation of construction machinery in all relevant processes.

2. Machine Definition

R: A machine is a set of moving and fixed parts that leverages, manages, regulates, or transforms energy to perform work.

3. Machinery Definition

R: Machinery refers to a set of machines with a common purpose and the mechanism providing motion.

4. Machine Components

R: The main components are: Motor, mechanism, chassis, and safety components.

5. Motor

R: The motor converts energy to perform the required work.

6. Mechanism

R: The mechanism is a set of mechanical elements, some mobile, transforming motor energy into the desired output.

7. Chassis

R: The chassis is the rigid structure supporting... Continue reading "Construction Machinery Management and Classification" »

Workplace Safety and Health

Royal Decree 486/1997, April 14: Safety and Health Provisions in the Workplace

Article 4 - Construction Conditions

The design and construction features of the workplace must provide security against risks of falls, blows, landslides, or materials falling on workers. The design and construction features are required to provide emergency exits or fire escapes.

Article 8 - Illumination

Lighting must be sufficient so that workers can see and carry out their work safely.

The construction of the store should be safe, with secure electrical installations and no vibrations that could damage the material. The design must provide safety against falls, crashes, collapses, or falling materials. Risk areas with potential falling objects... Continue reading "Workplace Safety and Material Handling in Storage Facilities" »

X.25 Networks

X.25 is a standard for wide area network (WAN) packet switching. It establishes mechanisms for routing between users, negotiation of communication features, and error recovery techniques. Public packet-switching services support numerous types of stations from different manufacturers. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to define the interface between the end user's computer and the network.

Levels of X.25

• Physical Level: The recommendation for the X.25 packet level coincides with one of the recommendations of the third level of the OSI model. X.25 encompasses the third level and also the two lowest levels.
• The Link Layer: In X.25, it is assumed that the link layer is LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced). LAPB is responsible for

Understanding Malware Threats

Malware encompasses any program, document, or message that can harm your computer. This harm can include deleting data, slowing down performance, or causing programs to malfunction.

Types of Malware

Viruses

A virus is a program that installs itself on your computer without your knowledge. Its primary purpose is to spread to other computers and execute malicious actions.

• Objectives: Affect the integrity and availability of data and software.
• Affected Elements: Data and software.
• Solution: Antivirus software (scanning, file checking, and resident protection). Prevention, detection, and recovery are key.

Trojans

Trojans are small applications disguised as utility programs, images, or messages. Their purpose is to create a... Continue reading "Understanding Malware: Viruses, Trojans, Worms, and More" »

Fluid Mechanics: Definition and Characteristics

A fluid is a gas or liquid whose particles do not maintain sufficient attraction between them and move freely. When a force is applied, they slide over each other. Key characteristics include flow, spill, and the ability to move through pipelines.

Pneumatic Circuits: Components and Function

A pneumatic circuit performs work using the energy gained by pressurizing a gas, usually atmospheric air. It consists of:

• Compressor: Creates air pressure.
• Tank: Stores and cools the compressed air.
• Storage Unit (filter, lubricator, and pressure gauge): Conditions the air.
• Pipes: Distribute the air.
• Cylinders: Perform the work.
• Valves: Control the airflow to the cylinders.

Hydraulic Circuits: Principles and Components

A... Continue reading "Pneumatic, Hydraulic Circuits, and Water Systems" »

Elements of the Drainage Network

• Siphons: Allow wastewater to be evacuated and prevent odors from entering homes.

• Connections: A set of horizontal pipes that connect the various sanitary fixtures with downpipes.

• Downpipes: Vertical pipes that collect water from connections, toilets, and roofs.

• Collectors: These are the horizontal pipes buried in the ground that connect to the downpipes, channeling water to the siphonal chamber.

• Siphonal chamber: Provides a hydraulic closure and prevents odors and sewer rats from entering the drains in the houses.

The Water Bill

Specifies what we pay for the service and consumption of water in a given period.

• Service Fee: The fixed fee entitles you to consume water.

• Consumption: The variable amount billed.

• Taxes:

Electrical Properties: Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors

Electrical properties refer to a material's ability to conduct electrical current. Materials can be classified into three main categories:

• Conductors: Materials that allow electrons to move with little difficulty. Examples include metals.
• Insulators: Materials that significantly resist the movement of electrons. Examples include plastics, ceramics, and wood.
• Semiconductors: Materials whose conductivity depends on temperature and impurities. They can be manipulated to control electrical current.

Electrical Installations

An electrical installation typically consists of the following components:

• General protection box
• General power supply line
• Meter
• Individual bypass

The internal installation... Continue reading "Electrical Properties, Installations, and Home Automation" »

Metal Properties: An Overview

Oxidation: A chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen, often leading to corrosion in metals. While corrosion can be detrimental, it can also form a protective layer on some metals. The process may slow down or stop as the protective layer develops.

Corrosion: The gradual deterioration of metals due to a combination of oxygen and moisture, or chemical reactions with acids.

Mechanical Properties

Strength: A metal's ability to resist breakage or deformation under stress.

Elasticity: The property of a metal to return to its original shape after being deformed.

Yield Strength: The maximum force a material can withstand without permanent deformation.

Modulus of Rupture: The relationship between applied stress... Continue reading "Metal Properties: Oxidation, Strength, and More" »