Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Technology

What is Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)?

CAE formalizes ideas through computer modeling and then fabricates the models into real-world objects through CAD and CAM.

What is Computer-Aided Reverse Engineering (CARE)?

CARE works in the opposite direction. CARE creates a computer model of an object through measurements of the object as it exists in the real world. CARE is the reversal of CAE.

What is a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)?

• Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are a practical means for characterizing and inspecting free-form surfaces.
• Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) first appeared in the early 1960s.
• A CMM consists of a probe supported on three mutually perpendicular (x, y, and z) axes, and each axis has a built-in reference standard.

Traffic Light with Arduino

This code simulates a traffic light using an Arduino.

int led_rojo = 3;
int led_verde = 4;
int led_amarillo = 5;

void setup() {
  pinMode(led_rojo, OUTPUT);  // PIN 3 as output
  pinMode(led_verde, OUTPUT); // PIN 4 as output
  pinMode(led_amarillo, OUTPUT); // PIN 5 as output
}

void loop() {
  digitalWrite(led_verde, HIGH); // Turn on green LED
  delay(2000);
  digitalWrite(led_verde, LOW);  // Turn off green LED
  delay(500);
  digitalWrite(led_amarillo, HIGH); // Turn on yellow LED
  delay(2000);
  digitalWrite(led_amarillo, LOW);  // Turn off yellow LED
  delay(500);
  digitalWrite(led_rojo, HIGH);   // Turn on red LED
  delay(2000);
  digitalWrite(led_rojo, LOW);    // Turn off red LED
  delay(500);
}

Button

Malware

Malicious software, is a type of software that has been particularly designed to gain access to or damage a computer, mostly without the knowledge of the owner. There are a lot of types of malware, including computer worm, computer viruses, Trojan horse, adware and spyware.

Computer Crime

Defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business secrets or use the internet for malicious purposes.

Trojan Horse

A type of malware that is often disguised as legitimate software. Trojans can be employed by cyber-thieves and hackers that offer useful... Continue reading "Understanding Malware and Cybercrime: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Brakes

Disc Brakes

A disc is connected to an axle. Brake pads apply pressure to the disc via friction.

Band Brakes

A drum is connected to an axle. A flexible band applies pressure to the outside of the drum.

Drum Brakes

A drum is connected to the axle. A pair of brake shoes apply pressure to the inside of the drum via friction.

Energy Absorption and Dissipation

Springs

Springs are devices that, thanks to the elasticity of their materials and their shape, can absorb energy when force is applied. This energy can then be dissipated in a controlled way. Depending on the type of external force applied, springs work in different ways:

• Compression: Pushing on the spring makes it shorter (e.g., a sofa).
• Traction: Pulling on the spring makes it longer (e.g., a

Material Classification

Natural Materials

These materials are obtained directly from nature, such as:

• Wood
• Coal
• Metal
• Stone

Artificial Materials

These materials are derived from natural materials through processing, such as:

• Glass
• Paper
• Cement

Synthetic Materials

These materials are created through chemical reactions involving artificial materials, such as:

• Plastics

Material Types and Their Properties

Ceramics

Ceramics exhibit the following properties:

• Fragility
• Low thermal conductivity
• Low electrical conductivity
• Hardness
• Brittleness

Metallic Materials

Metals possess these characteristics:

• High electrical and thermal conductivity
• Resistance
• Ductility
• Malleability
• Ability to form alloys with other elements to enhance properties

Plastics/Polyesters

Plastics and polyesters... Continue reading "Understanding Materials: Properties, Types, and Treatments" »

Computer Basics

A computer is a device that processes data according to a set of instructions known as a program.

Hardware and Software

Hardware: The equipment. Software: The programs and data.

Operating System

The operating system is a special set of programs that provides an interface for the user and allows application programs to communicate with the hardware.

Application Programs

Application programs include:

• Word processors (for creating and editing texts)
• Spreadsheets (for calculating mathematical formulae)
• Databases (for storing data in a way that allows the data to be sorted and searched)

Antivirus Programs

Antivirus programs are used to detect and remove viruses (harmful programs that can reproduce themselves and attach themselves to other programs)... Continue reading "Computer Hardware, Software, and Peripherals: A Comprehensive Look" »

• Unit 7

Electronic Components Guide

Basic Components

Battery

A device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. Power supply.

Light Bulb

An electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a bulb to protect it from oxidation. Load device.

Motor

An electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Load device.

Buzzer

A device that makes a buzzing noise and is used for signaling. May be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Load device.

Semiconductor Components

Diode

Formed by the union of two semiconductors: P-type (anode) and N-type (cathode). Load device.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

An electronic device that emits light when... Continue reading "Electronic Components Guide: Types, Functions & Applications" »

Engineering and Construction Glossary

This glossary provides definitions for key terms used in engineering, construction, and design projects, including their Spanish translations where applicable.

Cross-section (Sección transversal)

A cross-section gives a cutaway view of the joint between two panels.

Note (Notas)

A note gives a brief description or a reference to another related drawing.

Plan (Plano)

A plan gives a view of the whole deck, from above.

Schematic (Esquemático)

A schematic gives a simplified representation of a network of air ducts.

Specification (Especificación)

A specification gives detailed written technical descriptions of a panel.

Amplified

Amplified: made greater.

Elevation (Elevación)

Elevation gives a view of all the panels, from... Continue reading "Essential Engineering & Construction Terminology" »