Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The Agrarian Revolution

The agrarian revolution started in England in the first half of the 18th century. There were changes in land property innovations in respect to farming techniques.

• There was a concentration of land plots (complots), in which common land became private property, meant the loss of rights of the peasant. As a consequence, part of the rural population had to migrate to the cities, where they looked for work in the factories, becoming part of the incipient proletariat.

The Technical Revolution

The technical revolution occurred particularly in two areas:

• Energy: The invention of the steam engine by Watt was the motor of change. The steam engine could be applied to the textile industry and to transport, of the steam train and the

The Constant Role of Language Learning

Throughout the history of education, learning a foreign language or languages has been a constant component. Of course, many people feel that this is really an unnecessary part of education for everyone, but this is not a point of view that I share.

Arguments Against Mandatory Language Learning

Opponents of learning a foreign language might argue that most people do not travel that often outside their own country. In addition to this, out of all the countries of the world, comparatively few share the same language. Therefore, learning a foreign language will only be useful for the very limited time that one spends in a country where this language is used. For some people, the language might never be used... Continue reading "The Enduring Value of Learning Languages in Education" »

Why the Upsurge in Globalization?

1. Increased Customer Demands and Access

• Demand for more value for money
• Preference for global brands over local brands
• Access to global distributors

2. Increased Technological Innovation

Improved ICT facilitates access to markets, partners, and global networks.

3. Increased Power of Emerging Markets

4. Increased Globalization of Financial Markets

5. Shared R&D and Global Sourcing

• Companies spread their research across multiple countries.
• Outsourcing is more of a rule than an exception.

6. Evolving Government Trade Policies

Governments try to attract foreign investments.

Consequences of Globalization

Pros

• Free Trade Objective: No borders, fewer tariffs, lower prices, cost reduction, open markets.
• More Employment: New jobs,

Escalation and Revolutionary Measures

When Parisian militants expelled the Girondins, they “regenerated” their own sectional assemblies by purging local moderates. Radicals, including Jacques-René Hébert and Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette, subsequently took control of the Paris Commune. On September 5, 1793, they organized a mass demonstration, urging the National Convention to ensure affordable food prices and to implement terror as a reality.

In response, the Convention, in conjunction with the Committee of Public Safety, took decisive actions to control the popular movement. They proclaimed the necessity of terror against the Revolution's enemies, addressed economic crimes, and decreed a system known as the Maximum (price and wage control)... Continue reading "The Reign of Terror: French Revolution's Era of Radical Control" »

Formalism in Language Description

Defining Formalism in Linguistics

Formalism in language description is a tendency to create formal descriptions of language, formalizing its units and levels, and explicitly presenting its general and abstract organization as a code or system.

Form vs. Function in Linguistic Analysis

• In a formalist approach, form is opposed to function, which is understood as the ultimate goal of units and levels of language, serving as an instrument of communication.
• The structuralist and generativist paradigms are both more formalist than functional.
• Pragmatics is more functionalist, as its paradigm is more interested in communication and usage.
• For Generative Grammar (GG), function does not constrain form. Its main focus is not

UNIT 5: Consumer Markets and Buyer Behavior

1. Model of Consumer Behavior

The buying decision is the focal point of a marketer’s effort. Marketers study consumer purchases to determine what, where, and how much consumers buy. The central question for marketers is: "How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts?" Stimuli, including the 4 Ps (product, price, place, and promotion) and economic, technological, social, and cultural factors, influence these responses. Marketers aim to understand how these stimuli are processed within the consumer's "black box." Buyer characteristics influence perception and reaction, while the decision process itself affects behavior.

2. Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior

2.1. Cultural Factors

a) Culture

Culture... Continue reading "Consumer Markets and Buyer Behavior: Key Influences" »

Constitutional Powers of Congress

Congress derives its powers from Article 1 of the Constitution.

Defining Constituency

A constituency is a body of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body.

Differences Between the House and Senate

The House and Senate differ in terms, number of members, and legislative roles.

House of Representatives

• Often referred to as the "House."
• Comprises 435 voting members and 6 non-voting members (5 delegates, 1 resident commissioner).
• Considered the lower house.
• Responds more quickly to the needs of the people due to two-year terms.
• All laws dealing with revenue must originate in the House.

Senate

• Considered the upper house of the bicameral legislature.
• Has 100 seats or voting members.
• Six-year terms

Education: Past and Present

We live in an age where education has become a really important aspect of society. From a young age, everyone tries to teach us the best education and the best morals. Therefore, our parents are continuously searching for the best method to teach us what things we must or must not do in each situation. But is current education better than the old form of education, as nowadays teachers demand a lot of things from children?

A Look Back at Education Twenty Years Ago

Let us take a look at twenty years ago, when school and high school were completely different from the current school. The students saw the teachers as the most important figures in school, and they had great respect for them. But in reality, the teachers... Continue reading "Comparing Education: Past and Present Methods" »

Hospital Policies on Smoking and Surgical Care

Hospitals are increasingly implementing policies regarding smoking and patient eligibility for surgery, citing various reasons:

• Hospital management indicates that smokers typically require longer recovery periods, experience more complications, and incur higher, more expensive hospital stays.
• Such policies aim to manage patient numbers more effectively.
• Some individuals who do not comply with these policies may not be treated.
• Patients requiring surgery may be mandated to undergo a three-month therapy program to quit smoking.
• Smokers, however, often express feeling discriminated against by these policies.
• Similar precedents exist, such as health authorities in Suffolk stopping obese individuals from having

Technology's Impact on Society

A Transformative Era

We live in an era defined by technology. Its presence is undeniable, permeating every aspect of our lives, from hospitals and supermarkets to universities. Recent years have witnessed a surge of innovation, dramatically reshaping our world. But how have public perceptions of technology evolved over time?

A Look Back

Fifty years ago, our grandparents navigated daily life without the technological conveniences we take for granted. Household chores and jobs were often performed manually. Imagine housewives lighting fires for cooking or using coal-powered irons. Many jobs lacked computers or other technological aids that simplify tasks today.

Advantages of Technological Advancements

Technological... Continue reading "Technological Advancements: Shaping the Future and Transforming Lives" »