Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

NATO: resort to force

- Bombing carried out by NATO: 14 members on basis of shame with failure of diplomacy to end Yugoslav wars from 1991-1995

- Also out of concern that Kosovar Albanians 100% of Kosovo’s population were at risk of ethnic cleansing

- War done without explicit approval of UNSC on basis that Russia and China would veto any notion for military action and that public would not support action that was explicitly rejected by the council

- All recommendations, resolutions and votes of institutions, including EU, NATO, OSCE and UN were being ignored for violated by Yugoslav forces, leaving military action as only option left.

- Although intervention only carried out in support of UNSC revolutions and with authorization, there was no... Continue reading "NATO Intervention in Yugoslav Wars: Legal and Ethical Considerations" »

In the 19th century, reaction movements began to emerge against the foundations of the classical school of economics. The Historical School developed in Germany between 1834 and 1883, extending its influence across Europe and the USA.

Branches of the Historical School

Within this school, two distinct currents are usually identified: the "Old Historical School" and the "Modern Historical School." Some of the common features shared by both currents include:

• The defense of the historical inductive method.
• The view of the State as a driver of development, proposing its intervention in favor of the weakest members of society.

Key Representatives of the Historical School

The Old Historical School

The principal representatives of the "Old Historical School"... Continue reading "19th Century Economic Thought: Historical School and Early Socialism" »

Understanding Modern Crime Trends

Crime is an everyday problem for citizens, causing widespread insecurity and distress. Many types of crimes exist, including kidnapping, murder, smuggling, forgery, arson, and carjacking.

Economic Factors and Rising Crime Rates

In my country, the current challenging economic situation, marked by unemployment, social exclusion, and poverty, has led to a significant increase in crimes like shoplifting, burglaries, and drug dealing.

Murder in Spain: The Domestic Violence Link

While murders are not common in Spain, a primary cause is often domestic violence.

Criminal Justice and Sentencing

Regarding the punishment of criminals, I believe offenders must serve their sentences fully and atone completely for their actions.... Continue reading "Crime: An Everyday Societal Challenge" »

Foundational Concepts in Political Theory and Global Affairs

Inspirations for 20th-Century Liberalism

Which authors served as an inspiration for 20th-century liberalism? The key figures include:

• John Locke
• Adam Smith
• Jeremy Bentham

Goals of the Our Global Neighborhood Report (1995)

The 1995 Our Global Neighborhood report outlines several critical areas where global citizens must cooperate:

• To maintain peace and order.
• To expand economic activity.
• To tackle pollution and halt or minimize climate change.
• To combat pandemic diseases.
• To curb the spread of weapons.
• To prevent desertification and preserve genetic and species diversity.
• To deter terrorism and ward off famine.
• To defeat economic recession.
• To share scarce resources.
• To arrest drug traffickers.

The

Work Motivation & Job Design

The Origins of Basque Nationalist Thought

While the exact author of the text remains unconfirmed, it is widely believed that Sabino Arana, or someone very close to him, penned these articles. These texts are a series of articles (rather than a formal law) that discuss the primary nationalist ideas prevalent during the creation of the first batzoki in the old part of Bilbao. Published in 1894 during the Spanish Restoration, this primary source appeared in a newspaper, meaning the target readers were the general citizenry.

Political and Economic Context in 19th Century Spain

The political situation was as follows: the country was in the later period of the Restoration settlement. The era of peaceful party rotation had already passed, leading into... Continue reading "Basque Nationalism and the 1894 Restoration Crisis" »

Introduction

Recent studies have shown high rates of frequency of school violence. According to these studies, this is a worldwide matter that affects over 200 million students, both children and adolescents. The aim of this report is to expand on the types of abuses found in schools and to indicate that a healthy environment is needed.

Development

First of all, it is of main importance to understand that the problem of school violence has various causes, not just one. Types of violence can be physical, as shown by the many cases of students being hit or punched by their peers. Such practices can also be a result of racism and bullying.

Secondly, there is also institutional violence, for instance, when teachers tend to favor male students, consequently... Continue reading "Addressing School Violence: Types, Causes, and Solutions" »

Victorianism: A Period of Transition (1840–1880)

The Victorian era (1840–1880) was characterized by profound doubts, significant changes, and hesitation. It was a period of great movement, connecting the old world with the new, the ancien régime with modernity, serving as a crucial transition toward the modernity of the 20th century.

Key Features Shaping Victorian Criticism

1. Growth of Literacy

   A large segment of the population gained the ability to read and write English. In 1807, a bill providing universal education was defeated by the British Parliament because the Napoleonic Wars introduced revolutionary ideas, and Parliament feared the English populace reading them. The bill was eventually passed in 1877.

2. Weakening of Religious Dogma

   Religious

The Rise of Basque Nationalism

Early Influences and Ideological Roots

The text explores the emergence of Basque nationalism, highlighting its connection to Carlism and the Catalan model. The Carlist motto, "God, King, and Fueros," resonated with Basque nationalism's emphasis on religion and fueros (traditional rights and privileges). Sabino Arana, a key figure in Basque nationalism, drew inspiration from the Catalan model during his studies in Barcelona.

Characteristics of Basque Identity

The author emphasizes the distinct characteristics of the Basque people, including their unique race, language, religion, traditions, and way of life. These characteristics, particularly the strong sense of cultural identity, fueled the movement for autonomy.... Continue reading "Basque Nationalism: Origins, Ideology, and Evolution" »