Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Infinitive

Past Simple

Past Participle

Spanish

           

rise

rose

risen

alzarse, subir

           

run

ran

run

correr

           

say

said

said

decir

           

see

saw

seen

ver

           

sell

sold

sold

vender

           

send

sent

sent

enviar

           

set

set

set

colocar

           

show

showed

shown

mostrar

           

shut

shut

shut

cerrar

           

sing

sang

sung

cantar

           

sink

sank

sunk

hundirse

           

sit

sat

sat

sentarse

           

sleep

slept

slept

dormir

           

speak

spoke

spoken

hablar

           

spend

spent

spent

gastar dinero, pasar tiempo

           

steal

stole

stolen

robar

           

swim

swam

swum

nadar

           

take

took

taken

tomar, llevar

           

teach

taught

taught

enseñar

 ... Continue reading "Spanish provinces" »

Key European Union Institutions

• European Council

  Composed of the heads of state or government of EU member states. It identifies priorities and decides the general EU's political agenda.

• Council of the EU

  Made up of ministers from each EU country, corresponding to the matters being dealt with (e.g., environment, health). It passes European laws and budgets and coordinates economic and security policy.

• European Parliament

  Composed of representatives elected by the citizens from each EU country.

• European Commission

  Composed of a President and 28 Commissioners.

• Court of Justice of the EU

  Ensures EU law is applied the same way in every EU country.

• European Central Bank

  Manages the euro and EU monetary policy and keeps prices stable.

• European Court of Auditors

  Checks

... Continue reading "EU Institutions and Byzantine Empire History Summary" »

... Continue reading "4 Inspiring Sports Stories of Perseverance" »

Church

The Catholic Church soon realized that it needed to occupy a significant role in the feudal world.
Thus, clergymen came up with the Theory of the Three Estates (or the Three Orders), which divided the feudal society into:

• Bellatores (warriors): privileged noblemen and knights who defended the society by means of war.
• Oratores (prayers): privileged churchmen and churchwomen who prayed for the spiritual salvation of the world. They were the Pope, his bishops and millions of priests, monks and nuns.
• Laboratores (labouring people): non-privileged peasants who provided material sustenance to all three groups.

Pyramid

• King: top nobleman.
• High Nobility: dukes, marquises, counts.
• High Clergy: the Pope, his cardinals and bishops.
• Low Nobility: barons,

... Continue reading "Feudal Society: Three Estates and Pyramid Structure" »

Understanding the Heart's Anatomy

The heart is the pump which circulates the blood throughout the body. It is approximately the size of a person's fist and is located in the chest, slightly left of center.

Myocardium: The Heart's Muscular Walls

The myocardium refers to the muscular walls that make up the heart, essential for its pumping action.

The Heartbeat and Cardiac Cycle

The heartbeat refers to the rhythmic sounds that the heart makes as it pumps blood. This rhythm can also be observed by feeling the arterial pulse. The left and right halves of the heart function as synchronized pumps, working simultaneously.

Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events that occurs during one complete heartbeat. It consists of... Continue reading "The Human Heart: Anatomy, Function, and Blood Circulation" »

Understanding Kidney Function

As capillaries exit organs, they converge into larger blood vessels, veins, which eventually return the blood to the heart at the right atrium.

Abnormal Kidney Function:

An individual's kidneys are unable to remove waste, the medical treatment known as hemodialysis. Use a dialysis machine 'artificial kidney' is only temporary, until the patient recovers normal kidney function or receives a kidney transplant. Blood is put in close contact with a special solution similar to blood plasma. The semipermeable membrane allows urea and other waste materials to exit the blood and prevents the escape of blood cells.

Painful Stones:

The substances transported in the urine can trigger the formation of crystals, commonly referred... Continue reading "Understanding Kidney Function, Stones, and Blood Disorders" »

How Kidneys Work: Filtration and Waste Elimination

Solid waste products need to be dissolved in water to be eliminated from the body.

The Nephron: The Kidney's Functional Unit

Each kidney contains over a million functional units called nephrons, where the filtering process takes place.

Parts of the Nephron

• Bowman’s Capsule: Surrounds a tiny network of capillaries.
• The Tubule: Shaped like a handle, several nephrons empty into a large tube called a collecting duct.
• The Collecting Duct: Moves urine into the renal pelvis.

Kidney Function Process

1. Blood moves through the capillary networks where filtration occurs. Small molecules such as water, salts, glucose, and urea exit the bloodstream and enter Bowman’s capsule, forming the filtrate.
2. Some of the molecules

... Continue reading "Kidney Function, Blood Composition, and Circulatory System Basics" »

Motivation Fundamentals

The process that accounts for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. Motivation varies among individuals and within individuals at different times of their lives. Although sustaining motivation for long periods is arduous, the benefits include higher performance, greater team cohesiveness, lower absenteeism, greater job satisfaction, and a strong organizational culture.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

This model places needs in a pyramid structure:

1. Physical Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belonging and Love Needs
4. Esteem Needs

As a need becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. Critics note that the order of needs varies from person to person, and the progression may not

... Continue reading "Key Theories of Workplace Motivation Explained" »

Chemical Evolution

Chemical evolution refers to the processes that created the biomolecules, and then formed structures called protocells. According to Oparin, the first biomolecules were synthesized when the components of Earth’s primitive atmosphere reacted on contact with each other.

Biological Evolution

Biological evolution refers to the processes that led protocells to become different types of cells, and resulted in all the different organisms ever to have inhabited the Earth. Different types of prokaryotic cells were created from primitive cells: heterotrophic cells, photosynthetic cells, aerobic cells, long and very mobile cells.

Fixist Theories

Fixist theories uphold the idea that the species that currently exist on Earth were created... Continue reading "Chemical and Biological Evolution Theories and Characteristics of Hominids" »

Understanding Urban Concepts

What is a City?

There is no single factor that universally defines a city. Key characteristics often include:

• Number of Inhabitants: While there's no universal number, in Spain, it's typically more than 10,000 people.
• High Population Density: A concentration of buildings, a compact shape, and a continuity of the built environment.
• Way of Life: Often implies a way of life that is tolerant, dynamic, and anonymous.

Types of Urban Layouts

Different types of urban layouts exist, with three being more common:

• Orthogonal Layout: An urban layout consisting of streets that run at right angles to each other in a grid pattern. This pattern was also used when building expansion zones in cities during the 19th and 20th centuries.
• Radial

... Continue reading "Urban Planning & City Development: Layouts, Zones, Functions" »