Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Things Fall Apart: Key Conflicts & Character Insights

Clashes in Values: British Courts vs. Igbo Society

The functioning of the British courts created significant clashes with the traditional values of family, unity, and tradition held by the Igbo people. The imposition of foreign laws and customs disrupted the established social order, leading to a breakdown of indigenous customs and threatening to tear the entire society apart.

Why Villagers Welcomed the British

Some villagers, even those not converted to Christianity, welcomed the British primarily because they introduced new opportunities for trade and market access. This economic incentive offered an alternative to traditional systems, appealing to those seeking new avenues for prosperity... Continue reading "Things Fall Apart: Colonialism's Impact on Igbo Society" »

Frog Embryology: Developmental Stages

Frogs reproduce through external fertilization, where the female lays eggs in water, and the male releases sperm over them. Fertilization occurs in the animal hemisphere of the egg. This process forms a diploid zygote. The point of sperm entry determines the gray crescent, which helps in the later development of the body axis.

1. Cleavage: Early Cell Division

The zygote undergoes holoblastic, unequal, and radial cleavage. The first two cleavages are vertical, forming four equal blastomeres. The third cleavage is horizontal but displaced towards the animal pole, resulting in smaller cells (micromeres) in the animal pole and larger cells (macromeres) in the vegetal pole. These divisions continue to form a morula,... Continue reading "Key Biological Systems & Mechanisms Explained" »

The 9/11 Attacks and the Ensuing War on Terror

On the morning of September 11, 2001, the world experienced a profound shift. Terrorists hijacked four airplanes, resulting in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people. This catastrophic event was a deeply shocking moment for the United States and the international community.

The "War on Terror" refers to the comprehensive military and political responses initiated by the United States following the 9/11 attacks. This global campaign commenced with the war in Afghanistan and later expanded to include the war in Iraq, alongside numerous other operations aimed at combating terrorism worldwide. Understanding this period is crucial for comprehending the significant transformations in U.S. foreign policy and... Continue reading "9/11's Enduring Impact: U.S. Policy and the War on Terror" »

Chemical Reactions and Equations

1. Chemical Reaction Definition

The process in which a substance undergoes change to produce new substances with new properties is known as chemical reaction, e.g., magnesium carbonate when heated produces magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide (i.e., new substances with new properties).

A chemical change is generally accompanied by a change of state, change of colour, evolution of a gas, or change of temperature, etc.

2. Chemical Equation Definition

The qualitative representation of a chemical reaction in a shorthand or concise form, in terms of symbols and formulae, is called a chemical equation.

3. Skeletal Chemical Equation

A chemical equation written in the form of symbols and formulae is called a skeletal chemical

Historical Source Evaluation

Understanding Historical Source Evaluation

Timeline of Key Events (American & French Revolutions)

• American War of Independence: 1775 - 1783 (French involvement)
• Assembly of Notables: 22 Feb - 25 May 1787
• Lit De Justice: 6 Aug 1787, 8 May 1788
• Day of Tiles: 10 June 1788
• Harvest Crisis: 1788
• Pamphlet War: 1788-1789
• Cahiers De Doléances: 1789 (List of grievances)
• Rural Revolt: March 1789
• Réveillon Riots: 27-28 April 1789
• Estates-General: May 1789
• Declaration of the National Assembly: 17 June 1789
• Tennis Court Oath: 20 June 1789
• Royal Session: 23 June 1789
• Necker’s Dismissal: 11 July 1789
• Fall of the Bastille: 14 July 1789
• Municipal Revolutions: 13-17 July 1789
• The Great Fear: 20 July - 6 Aug 1789
• Night of 4 August: Abolition of

Understanding Ancient Mesoamerican Civilizations

Delve into the rich history and complex structures of ancient Mesoamerican societies. This document highlights key aspects, from their societal organization and agricultural innovations to their lasting cultural and historical impact.

Key Aspects of Mesoamerican Societies

• Classic Period Decline: Societal Shifts

  An understanding of the societal, political, and economic shifts following the Classic period is crucial to grasp its consequences.

• Monumental Architecture and Social Hierarchy

  Analyzing how the construction of large-scale structures reveals the power structures and social hierarchies within Mesoamerican societies.

• Mesoamerican Calendars: Culture and Daily Life

  Explaining the importance of the

Income from Other Sources: Key Questions and Answers

Q1. What is the name of the fifth head of income?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q2. What are the essential conditions for chargeability of income under the head 'Income from Other Sources'?

Ans: The following conditions must be satisfied:

• (i) There must be an income that is not exempted from tax.
• (ii) The income must not be chargeable under any of the first four heads (i.e., other than the head 'Income from Other Sources').

Q3. Write two examples of income that are chargeable under the head 'Income from Other Sources'.

Ans:

• (i) Winning from lotteries
• (ii) Winning from crossword puzzles

Q4. Under which head is the salary of MP/MLA charged?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q5. Define the term 'security'

Architecture

Quattrocento Architecture (15th Century)

Architecture in the Quattrocento sought harmonious spaces based on mathematical and geometrical principles.

Key architects of this period were:

• Brunelleschi, who designed the dome of Florence Cathedral.
• Alberti, who wrote several influential books on architecture.

Cinquecento Architecture (16th Century)

The most significant architectural works were built in Rome, largely due to papal patronage. Buildings became more monumental and strictly adhered to classical architectural orders.

• Bramante designed the most important building of the century: St. Peter's Basilica, and also the Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio, both located in the Vatican.

Painting

Quattrocento Painting (15th Century)

Painters refined... Continue reading "Renaissance Art & Architecture: 15th & 16th C." »

Key Milestones in Sustainable Development

The Club of Rome (1968)

• Created by scientists, economists, businessmen, and civil servants concerned about the way modern societies were developing their economies.
• "The Limits to Growth" (1972, MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology): This projection for the next 100 years makes clear that our economic model is not sustainable, primarily due to resource depletion and pollution.

First Earth Summit (1972)

As the UN wanted to address environmental problems, they created the Brundtland Commission, which published "Our Common Future" (1987). This report defined "sustainable development" as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their... Continue reading "Sustainable Development Milestones and Energy Sources" »